Schwaninger, Adrian
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Schwaninger, Adrian
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- PublikationEffects of time on task, breaks, and target prevalence on screener performance in an X-ray image inspection task(2019) Buser, Daniela; Sterchi, Yanik; Schwaninger, Adrian; John, Mala [in: 53rd IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology]Currently, it is not clear how long security officers can maintain their performance when inspecting X-ray images of passenger bags for prohibited items. New technologies and working environments in airport security screening could profit from longer screening durations, and they might also facilitate performance upkeep. In our study, two groups of security officers conducted a one-hour simulated cabin baggage screening task. One group took 10-minute breaks every 20 minutes; the other worked continuously. Both groups worked under two different target prevalence conditions. Results showed a shift in response tendency that developed at the beginning of the task. Moreover, security officers were able to maintain their visual inspection performance over the course of one hour. There was no difference in performance between the group with breaks and the group without breaks. These results lay the groundwork for further testing longer screening durations in the field.04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationExamining Threat Image Projection Artifacts and Related Issues: A Rating Study(10/2018) Riz à Porta, Robin; Sterchi, Yanik; Schwaninger, Adrian; Pritchard, Daniel [in: 52th IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology]Threat image projection (TIP) is a widely used software function of X-ray machines at airport security checkpoints. TIP projects fictional threat images (FTIs) of actual pre-recorded threat items (mainly guns, knives and improvised explosive devices) into the X-ray images of passenger baggage before they are displayed to security officers (screeners) for screening. TIP increases attention and motivation of screeners and is often used to measure their detection performance. In order to be effective, TIP has to project FTIs in a realistic way. In other words, it should not be possible to detect FTIs by simply detecting visual artifacts resulting from TIP projection. This study was conducted to evaluate TIP quality regarding potential artifacts. First, we interviewed screeners to explore which TIP artifacts they encounter in their day-to-day work. In a second step, we conducted a rating study to quantify the identified artifacts and the quality of TIP images in general. The majority of images (80%) produced by TIP were judged by screeners to appear realistic. However, in some images FTIs were positioned inadequately: the alignment (compared to the surrounding baggage items) appeared artificial (15%) or the placement appeared physically implausible (17%; e.g. an improvised explosive device going through a heel). These two issues also significantly affected the image to appear unrealistic in general. We conclude that in most cases, TIP succeeds in projecting FTIs without creating discernable artifacts. In some cases however, the FTI is positioned inadequately, which could be improved in the future.04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationX-ray screening of hold baggage: Are the same visual-cognitive abilities needed for 2D and 3D imaging?(10/2018) Merks, Sarah; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Zeballos, Melina; Schwaninger, Adrian; Pritchard, Daniel [in: 52th IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology]2D multi-view X-ray imaging technology is widely used for security screening of hold baggage at airports. Newer technology is based on 3D CT imaging. Such systems offer the possibility to rotate a bag around 360 degrees. With the transition from 2D multi-view to advanced CT imaging, the question arises whether airport security officers (screeners) need the same visualcognitive abilities when visually inspecting X-ray images of hold baggage. This study investigated the relationship between visualcognitive abilities and visual inspection performance of screeners. Screeners conducted a computer-based visual cognitive test battery (VCTB) and a simulated hold baggage screening task with 2D and 3D imaging. We found that aspects of processing speed and visual processing correlated significantly with visual inspection performance of screeners using 2D imaging technology. In comparison, performance of screeners that visually inspected 3D images showed less correlations with the VCTB. These results indicate that with the expected change from 2D to 3D imaging technology in airport security, visual-cognitive requirements of the screeners might change. Therefore, further studies need to elucidate in more detail what visual-cognitive skills future 3D screeners need as it could affect personnel selection and development.04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationAirport security X-ray screening of hold baggage: 2D versus 3D imaging and evaluation of an on-screen alarm resolution protocol(10/2018) Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian; Pritchard, Daniel [in: 52th IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology]In airport security screening, passenger baggage that is transported in the hold of an aircraft (hold baggage) is screened using X-ray machines with explosive detection technology. Older systems are based on 2D multi-view imaging whereas newer systems are based on computer tomography (CT) that features 3D rotatable images (3D imaging). Regulators, airport operators and security providers currently discuss whether extensive and specific training is necessary for screeners who are used to 2D multi-view imaging before they start working with 3D imaging. Moreover, to facilitate the decision making of screeners, so called on-screen alarm resolution protocols (OSARP) are available for 3D imaging. However, their effectiveness has not been investigated yet. To address these issues, we compared the visual inspection performance of screeners using state-of-the-art 2D multi-view imaging versus 3D imaging versus 3D imaging following a specific on-screen alarm resolution protocol (OSARP). In a simulated hold baggage screening task, screeners had to decide whether X-ray images contained an improvised explosive device (IED) or not. Results showed that there was no difference in detection performance (d') between 2D and 3D imaging. Visual inspection with 3D imaging following an OSARP resulted in higher detection performance (d') compared to 2D and 3D imaging. In conclusion, screeners currently working with 2D multi-view technology do not need extensive and specific training to achieve comparable detection performance with 3D imaging. The application of an OSARP has the potential to further increase screeners’ detection performance (d') with 3D imaging.04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationEine erste explorative Studie zur Relevanz von Wissen über das Aussehen von Alltagsgegenständen bei der Röntgenbildbeurteilung in der Luftsicherheit(GfA Press, 03/2016) Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Michel, Stefan; Kuhn, Milena; Ritzmann, Sandrina Susanna; Schwaninger, Adrian; Jäger, Matthias [in: Arbeit in komplexen Systemen. Digital, vernetzt, human?!]04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationIncreasing Efficiency in Airport Security Screening(01.06.2011) Schwaninger, Adrian [in: WIT Transactions on the Built Environment 82]04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationUsing threat image projection data for assessing individual screener performance(01.06.2011) Hofer, Franziska; Schwaninger, Adrian [in: WIT Transactions on the Built Environment 82]04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationEvaluation of CBT for increasing threat detection performance in X-ray screening(WIT Press, 01.06.2011) Schwaninger, Adrian; Hofer, Franziska; Morgan, Kenneth; Spector, Michael J. [in: The Internet Society. Advances in Learning, Commerce and Security]04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationObjekterkennung und Signaldetektion(Hans Huber Verlag, 01.06.2011) Schwaninger, Adrian; Kersten, Bernd [in: Praxisfelder der Wahrnehmungspsychologie]04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift