Schwaninger, Adrian

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Schwaninger, Adrian

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  • Vorschaubild nicht verfügbar
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    06 - Präsentation
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    2D vs 3D imaging for hold baggage screening
    (10/2019) Schwaninger, Adrian
    06 - Präsentation
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    Automation, human factors and technology
    (20.09.2019) Merks, Sarah; Hügli, David; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Schwaninger, Adrian
    06 - Präsentation
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    Airport security X-ray screening of hold baggage: 2D versus 3D imaging and evaluation of an on-screen alarm resolution protocol
    (11.09.2019) Isenschmid, Myrta; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian
    The screening of hold baggage at airports is currently changing from 2D to 3D imaging. In this context, we compared visual inspection performance of screeners using 2D imaging versus 3D imaging versus 3D imaging following a specific on-screen alarm resolution protocol (OSARP). In a simulated hold baggage screening task, professional screeners had to decide whether X-ray images contained an improvised explosive device or not. Results showed that there was no difference in detection performance (d') between 2D and 3D imaging. Visual inspection with 3D imaging following an OSARP resulted in higher detection performance compared to 2D and 3D imaging, but also in a more neutral response bias and longer reaction times. In conclusion, screeners currently working with 2D technology do not need extensive and specific training to achieve comparable detection performance with 3D imaging. However, the application of an OSARP has the potential to further increase screeners’ detection performance.
    06 - Präsentation
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    Human-automation interaction in a simulated cabin baggage screening task with automated explosives detection
    (10.09.2019) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian
    This study investigated human-automation interaction with automated explosives detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) depending on automation reliability. We conducted a laboratory experiment with 118 screeners of an international airport, which performed in a simulated X-ray screening task. We tested human-machine system performance in four test conditions: one baseline group with no EDSCB and three practically relevant EDSCB algorithms that varied systematically in automation reliability measures, i.e. accuracy, d’ and positive predictive value (PPV). Screeners had to detect improvised explosive devices, bare explosives, guns, or knives. EDSCB increased human-machine system performance for detecting explosives due to direct cueing of targets. The benefit of EDSCB depended on target difficulty and automation reliability in terms of d'. High false alarm rates caused a cry-wolf effect, especially for bare explosives. PPV of EDSCB explained screeners' compliance best. Our results suggest that operators use a probability-matching decision strategy, in particular for difficult targets
    06 - Präsentation
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    Traditional visual search versus X-ray image inspection in students and professionals: Are the same visual-cognitive abilities needed?
    (10.09.2019) Merks, Sarah; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Sterchi, Yanik; Schwaninger, Adrian
    Visual search has been studied extensively over decades and has many real-world applications. Research shows that specific visual-cognitive abilities are needed to efficiently and effectively locate a target among distractors. It is, however, not clear whether the results from traditional, simplified visual search tasks conducted by students will extrapolate to an applied inspection task, i.e. X-ray image inspection in airport security. In this study, we tested whether the same visual-cognitive abilities can predict performance in both a traditional visual search task and an X-ray image inspection task in students and professionals. Results showed that even though both tasks require aspects of the same visual-cognitive abilities, the overlap between the tasks was small. Furthermore, although our tested populations were comparable in terms of required visual-cognitive abilities, professionals outperformed students in the X-ray image inspection task. This suggests that visual inspection is not solely predictable by visual-cognitive abilities.
    06 - Präsentation
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    X-ray screening of hold baggage: Are the same visual-cognitive abilities needed for 2D and 3D imaging?
    (10.09.2019) Zeballos, Melina; Merks, Sarah; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Schwaninger, Adrian
    With the transition from 2D to 3D imaging technology for security screening of passenger bags, the question arises whether airport security screeners need the same visual-cognitive abilities to successfully inspecting these images. This study investigated the relationship between visual-cognitive abilities and the visual inspection performance of screeners. 42 screeners conducted a visual-cognitive test battery (VCTB) and a simulated hold baggage screening task using 2D or 3D imaging technology. The VCTB included test scales measuring abilities underlying visual processing, processing speed and fluid intelligence. Results showed that only few aspects of processing speed and visual processing correlated significantly with performance using 2D imaging. Performance of screeners that inspected 3D images showed even less significant correlations. These results indicate that with the expected change from 2D to 3D imaging, visual-cognitive requirements of airport security screeners might change. Further studies need to elucidate what visual-cognitive skills future 3D screeners need.
    06 - Präsentation
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    Publikation
    Detection Measures for Visual Inspection of X-ray Images of Passenger Baggage
    (10.09.2019) Sterchi, Yanik; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Schwaninger, Adrian
    Researchers often use the detection measures d' and A' to analyze detection performance in X-ray image inspection task. We investigated whether detection measures (d', A', and da) are truly independent of response tendency. In a first experiment, response tendency was manipulated directly through instruction and resulted in a decrease of d' and A', whereas da with a slope parameter of 0.6 remained constant. Eye-tracking data indicated that manipulating response tendency affected the decision component of the inspection task rather than search errors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on confidence ratings from a second experiment also supported da. Consistent with previous findings, our results imply that d' and A' are not always valid measures of detection performance in X-ray image inspection. We recommend calculating da with a slope parameter of 0.5 in addition to d' to avoid wrong conclusions if ROC curves are not available.
    06 - Präsentation
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    Publikation
    Single-view, multi-view and 3D imaging for baggage screening: What should be considered for effective training?
    (ASI Publications, 02/2019) Schwaninger, Adrian; Merks, Sarah [in: Aviation Security International]
    X-ray screening of passenger baggage is conducted at airports worldwide to prevent terrorist attacks and other acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation. Whether or not prohibited items are detected under X-ray examination depends both on the technology deployed and on human factors. While single-view imaging has been used for decades to screen passenger baggage, newer technology is based on multi-view and 3D imaging with automated explosives detection. However, the best equipment is of limited value if the humans who operate it are not trained appropriately. Thus, what should be considered for training to be effective when single-view, multi-view or 3D imaging is used for passenger baggage screening? In this article, Adrian Schwaninger and Sarah Merks provide recommendations for cabin baggage and hold baggage screening based on scientific studies conducted with screeners over the last 15 years.
    01B - Beitrag in Magazin oder Zeitung
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    X-Ray Screening von registriertem Gepäck: 2D vs. 3D Technologie und Evaluation eines On-Screen Alarm Resolution Protokolls
    (2019) Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Merks, Sarah; Isenschmid, Myrta; Schwaninger, Adrian; Jäger, Matthias [in: 65. Frühjahrskongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft (GfA)]
    2D Röntgensysteme mit multi-view Technologie werden an Flughäfen zur Erkennung von Sprengstoff bei registriertem Gepäck verwendet. Neuere Röntgensysteme basieren auf Computer Tomographie (CT), wobei Gepäckstücke als 3D-rotierbare Bilder dargestellt werden. Es steht zur Diskussion, ob Screener mit 2D Erfahrung spezifisches Training benötigen, bevor sie mit 3D arbeiten können. Zur Unterstützung der Alarmauflösung bei 3D gibt es zusätzlich On-screen Alarm Resolution Protokolle (OSARP), dessen Effektivität bisher noch nicht untersucht wurde. Um diesen Fragen nachzugehen, wurden in einem Experiment drei Bedingungen verglichen. In der ersten Bedingung bearbeiteten Screener eine Inspektionsaufgabe mit 2D multi-view Technologie (2D), in der zweiten Bedingung mit 3D CT Technologie (3D) und in der dritten Bedingung mit 3D und einem vorher durchgeführten Training zu OSARP. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es keine Unterschiede bezüglich der Erkennungsleistung (d’) zwischen 2D und 3D gibt. Unter der Befolgung eines OSARP erreichten die Screener eine höhere Erkennungsleistung als bei 2D und 3D. Die Reaktionszeiten waren bei den 3D Bedingungen länger als bei 2D. Die Resultate zeigen, dass Screener, welche momentan mit 2D multi-view Technologie arbeiten, kein spezifisches Training brauchen, um eine ähnliche Erkennungsleistung mit 3D Technologie zu erreichen. Die Nutzung eines OSARP könnte die Erkennungsleistung zusätzlich noch verbessern.
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift