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Item Outdoor mobile mapping and AI-based 3D object detection with low-cost RGB-D cameras. The use case of on-street parking statistics(MDPI, 05.08.2021) Nebiker, Stephan; Meyer, Jonas; Blaser, Stefan; Ammann, Manuela ; Rhyner, SeverinA successful application of low-cost 3D cameras in combination with artificial intelligence (AI)-based 3D object detection algorithms to outdoor mobile mapping would offer great potential for numerous mapping, asset inventory, and change detection tasks in the context of smart cities. This paper presents a mobile mapping system mounted on an electric tricycle and a procedure for creating on-street parking statistics, which allow government agencies and policy makers to verify and adjust parking policies in different city districts. Our method combines georeferenced red-green-blue-depth (RGB-D) imagery from two low-cost 3D cameras with state-of-the-art 3D object detection algorithms for extracting and mapping parked vehicles. Our investigations demonstrate the suitability of the latest generation of low-cost 3D cameras for real-world outdoor applications with respect to supported ranges, depth measurement accuracy, and robustness under varying lighting conditions. In an evaluation of suitable algorithms for detecting vehicles in the noisy and often incomplete 3D point clouds from RGB-D cameras, the 3D object detection network PointRCNN, which extends region-based convolutional neural networks (R-CNNs) to 3D point clouds, clearly outperformed all other candidates. The results of a mapping mission with 313 parking spaces show that our method is capable of reliably detecting parked cars with a precision of 100% and a recall of 97%. It can be applied to unslotted and slotted parking and different parking types including parallel, perpendicular, and angle parking.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Geospatial Augmented Reality als interaktives Erlebnis im Museum am Beispiel der Swissarena App(Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und Geoinformation, 06/2016) Wüest, Robert; Zwick, Michael; Nebiker, Stephan; Kersten, Thomas P.04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation Verwendung der Augmented Reality Technologie als Kartenerweiterung(SIGImedia, 04/2016) Wüest, Robert; Zwick, Michael; Nebiker, Stephan01B - Beitrag in Magazin oder ZeitungPublikation Physical Database Design for Raster Images in CONCERT(Springer, 1997) Relly, Lukas; Henricsson, Olof; Nebiker, Stephan; Schek, Hans-Jörg04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation Neue Entwicklungen im Bereich Virtueller Globen am Beispiel der i3D-Technologie(2010) Christen, Martin; Nebiker, Stephan04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation A mixed methods research approach for 3D geovisualization evaluation(13.04.2010) Bleisch, Susanne; Dykes, Jason; Nebiker, Stephan04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation 04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation Geometrie- und farbbasierte Punktwolkenklassifizierung von komplexen urbanen Laserscanningszenen mittels überwachter SOM-Klassifikation(2013) Matti, Eric; Nebiker, Stephan04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation Evaluating the effectiveness of representing numeric information through abstract graphics in 3D desktop virtual environments(Croatian Cartographic Society, 01.03.2008) Bleisch, Susanne; Dykes, Jason; Nebiker, Stephan01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift