Discontinuous highly aligned carbon fibre tapes combined with bio-based polyamide 11

Abstract

The increasing availability of recycled carbon fibres (rCFs) from manufacturing waste and end-of-life composite structures offers new opportunities for sustainable, high-performance composites. However, the discontinuous nature of recycled fibres requires efficient alignment and consolidation. In this study, highly aligned discontinuous carbon fibre tapes were manufactured from recycled carbon staple fibres and bio-based polyamide 11 (PA11) fibres using a textile-based processing route and compression moulding. Two material systems containing nominal fibre mass fractions of 50 wt.% and 70 wt.% rCF were investigated. The resulting laminates were characterised in terms of fibre volume content (FVC), fibre orientation distribution, and mechanical performance. FVC of up to 56.72 vol.% were achieved for the 70 wt.% rCF material. Tensile testing revealed a significant increase in stiffness and strength with increasing fibre content, reaching values of 48.1 GPa and 866 MPa. The longitudinal compression modulus and the in-plane shear modulus showed similar trends, while the transverse tensile strength and compressive strength remained strongly influenced by local defects and fibre–matrix interactions. A 2D mesoscopic image analysis demonstrated a pronounced preferential fibre orientation, with approximately 69% of the analysed fibre regions aligned within ±10° of the dominant fibre direction. The derived alignment coefficient η0 correlated well with the tensile modulus, confirming the strong influence of mesoscopic fibre architecture on mechanical performance. The results demonstrate that the combination of bio-based PA11 and oriented rCF, enabled through textile-based alignment technologies, provides a promising pathway towards sustainable lightweight composite structures.