Economic analysis and life cycle assessment of an electrochemical reactor for CO2 and ethylene glycol conversion

Abstract

Progressive climate change and the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere represent one of the most serious challenges facing modern energy systems. At the same time, the global overproduction of plastics, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), places a significant burden on the natural environment and waste management infrastructure. Electrochemical reactors offer a promising solution by enabling the simultaneous conversion of CO2 and EG into valuable products such as carbon monoxide and glycolic acid, using electricity derived from renewable energy sources. Carbon monoxide can be further processed into high-energy synthetic fuels, such as propanol, while glycolic acid holds substantial importance in the pharmaceutical and plastics industries. An economic analysis was conducted to estimate the capital expenditures required for an electrochemical reactor and to assess the investment’s profitability based on the net present value (NPV) indicator. In addition, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was carried out to evaluate the environmental impact of the proposed technology, with particular attention to its carbon footprint. The results indicate that the profitability of the system strongly depends on the market price and purity of glycolic acid, as well as on access to low-cost renewable electricity. The LCA confirms a significantly lower carbon footprint compared to conventional CO production, though further technological advancements are required for industrial deployment.