Co-milling of glass forming ability class III drugs. comparing the impact of low and high glass transition temperatures
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Author (Corporation)
Publication date
01.06.2025
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Type
01A - Journal article
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Parent work
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Special issue
InPharma – Scientific contributions towards future oral drug product development
DOI of the original publication
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Series
Series number
Volume
209
Issue / Number
107081
Pages / Duration
107081
Patent number
Publisher / Publishing institution
Elsevier
Place of publication / Event location
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Abstract
With an increasing focus on sustainable technologies in the pharmaceutical industry, milling provides a solvent-free approach to improve drug dissolution. Milling of drugs with an excipient offers additional opportunities to achieve supersaturation kinetics. Therefore, this work aims to present insights of co-milling fenofibrate and apremilast, two good glass formers with low and high glass transition temperatures (Tgs) respectively. Drugs were co-milled with croscarmellose sodium for various process durations followed by thermal analysis, investigation of crystallinity, surface area and dissolution. The dissolution enhancement of the low-Tg glass former fenofibrate highly correlated with the process-induced increase in surface area of co-milled systems (R2 = 0.96). In contrast, the high-Tg glass former apremilast lost its crystalline order gradually after ≥ 10 min of co-milling, and favourable supersaturation kinetics during biorelevant dissolution testing were observed. Interestingly, the melting point of co-milled apremilast decreased and linearly correlated with the highest measured drug concentration (cmax) during in vitro dissolution (onset temperature R2 = 0.98; peak temperature R2 = 0.96). The melting point depression remained stable after 90 days for apremilast, whereas fenofibrate co-milled for 20 min or more showed an increase in melting point upon storage. This study demonstrated that co-milling with croscarmellose sodium is ideally suited to good glass formers with a high Tg. The melting point depression is thereby proposed as an easily accessible critical quality attribute to estimate likely dissolution performance of drugs in dry co-milled formulations.
Keywords
Co-milling, Ball milling, Glass transition temperature, Drug supersaturation, Melting point depression, Glass forming ability, Croscarmellose sodium
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ISBN
ISSN
1879-0720
0928-0987
0928-0987
Language
English
Created during FHNW affiliation
Yes
Strategic action fields FHNW
Publication status
Published
Review
Peer review of the complete publication
Open access category
Gold
License
Citation
Pätzmann, N., Beránek, J., Griffin, B. T., Kuentz, M., & O’Dwyer, P. J. (2025). Co-milling of glass forming ability class III drugs. comparing the impact of low and high glass transition temperatures. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 209(107081), 107081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107081