Cytotoxicity and molecular effects of biocidal disinfectants (quaternary ammonia, glutaraldehyde, poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride PHMB) and their mixtures in vitro and in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos

dc.accessRightsAnonymous
dc.audienceScience
dc.contributor.authorChristen, Verena
dc.contributor.authorFaltermann, Susanne
dc.contributor.authorFent, Karl
dc.contributor.authorBrun, Nadja
dc.date.accessioned2018-01-09T12:53:17Z
dc.date.available2018-01-09T12:53:17Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.description.abstractFrequently used biocidal disinfectants, including quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), glutaraldehyde and poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB), occur in the aquatic environment but their potential effects in fish are poorly known, in particular when occurring as mixtures. To investigate their joint activity, we assessed the cytotoxicity of three QACs (BAC, barquat and benzalkonium chloride), glutaraldehyde andPHMB by the MTT assay individually, followed by assessing binary and ternary mixtures in zebrafish liver cells (ZFL) and human liver cells (Huh7). We also analysed molecular effects by quantitative PCR in vitro and in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos employing a targeted gene expression approach. QACs displayed strong cytotoxicity in both cell lines with EC50 values in the low μg/ml range, while glutaraldehyde and PHMB were less cytotoxic. Most of the binary and both ternary mixtures showed synergistic activity at all equi-effective concentrations. A mixture containing all five compounds mixed at their no observed effect concentrations showed strong cytotoxicity, suggesting a synergistic interaction. Additionally, we determined transcriptional alterations of target genes related to endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, general stress, inflammatory action and apoptosis. Induction of ER stress genes occurred at non-cytotoxic concentrations of barquat, glutaraldehyde and BAC in ZFL cells. Barquat and BAC induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α). Similar transcriptional alterations were found in vivo upon exposure of zebrafish eleuthero-embryos for 120 h. Glutaraldehyde led to induction of ER stress genes and tnf-α, while BAC additionally induced genes indicative of apoptosis, which was also the case with benzalkonium chloride at the highest concentration. We demonstrated strong cytotoxicity of QACs, and synergistic activity of binary, ternary and quintuple mixtures. Barquat and BAC let to induction of ER stress and inflammation in vitro, and BAC and glutaraldehyde at non-toxic concentrations in vivo, while benzalkonium chloride induced expression of tnf-α only.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.114
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.issn1879-1026
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11654/25770
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.relation.ispartofScience of the Total Environmenten_US
dc.subjectBiocidal disinfectantsen_US
dc.subjectCytotoxicityen_US
dc.subjectMixture activityen_US
dc.subjectSynergismen_US
dc.subjectER stressen_US
dc.subjectInflammationen_US
dc.titleCytotoxicity and molecular effects of biocidal disinfectants (quaternary ammonia, glutaraldehyde, poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride PHMB) and their mixtures in vitro and in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos
dc.type01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
dc.volume586
dspace.entity.typePublication
fhnw.InventedHereYes
fhnw.IsStudentsWorkno
fhnw.PublishedSwitzerlandYes
fhnw.ReviewTypeAnonymous ex ante peer review of a complete publication
fhnw.affiliation.hochschuleHochschule für Life Sciences FHNWde_CH
fhnw.affiliation.institutInstitut für Ecopreneurshipde_CH
fhnw.pagination1204-1218
fhnw.publicationOnlineJa
fhnw.publicationStatePublished
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery7e666602-999d-4a64-8e69-cffb29e30b4b
Dateien