Hochschule für Technik und Umwelt FHNW

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Bereich: Suchergebnisse

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  • Vorschaubild
    Publikation
    Windsichter mit Zyklon
    (Hochschule für Technik FHNW, 27.03.2016) Cvetkovic, Darko; Vogel, Frédéric
    Ausgangslage: Die Themen dieser Bachelor Thesis sind Windsichter und Zyklone. Die Arbeit ist eine Fortsetzung des Projekts P5 „Auslegung eines Zyklons zur Auftrennung von Holzstaub“. Der Auftraggeber dieser Projektarbeit ist Prof. Dr. Frédéric Vogel vom Institut für Biomasse und Ressourceneffizienz der Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Anlage bestehend aus einem Windsichter und einem Zyklon als Vorzeigeobjekt für den Unterricht zu bauen. Die Anlage soll als Vorzeigeobjekt im Modul Verfahrenstechnik dienen, welches von Prof. Dr. Frédéric Vogel im Bachelor-Studiengang Energie- und Umwelttechnik unterrichtet wird. Vorgehen: Zu Beginn der Arbeit wurde die Auftragsklärung durchgeführt. Es galt herauszufinden wie eine Klassierung von mehreren hundert Kilogramm Holzstaub in wenigen Stunden zu bewerkstelligen und ob dies im Rahmen der Projektarbeit realisierbar ist. Dies wurde aufgrund der resultierenden Anlagegrösse und möglicher Kosten verworfen und der Fokus wurde auf eine Anlage gelegt, welche als Vorzeigeobjekt im Unterricht genutzt werden kann. Nach der Auftragsklärung wurde das Basic Engineering gestartet. Für die Anlage wurde nach passenden Komponenten gesucht. Diese wurden in die Auslegungsberechnungen eingesetzt und mit Hilfe eines 3D-CAD Models wurde die Anlage entwickelt. Daraufhin wurden Offerten eingeholt und eine Budgetabschätzung erstellt, um die Finanzierung des Projektes zu klären. Im Detail Engineering wurde das Model optimiert, Fertigungszeichnungen erstellt und Komponenten bestellt. Nach dieser Phase folgten die Montage, Inbetriebnahme und ein erster Funktionstest. Hauptergebnisse: Die Anlage wurde im Rahmen der Projektarbeit ausgelegt, gebaut, in Betrieb genommen und getestet. Sie steht als Vorzeigeobjekt für den Unterricht zur Verfügung. Der Windsichter, die Rohrleitungen, der Behälter für das Aufgabegut, die Kübel und der Zyklon wurden aus durchsichtigem Kunststoff hergestellt. Dies erlaubt einen Einblick in die einzelnen Trennprozesse der Anlage sowie die Transportprozesse in den Rohrleitungen. Der Ventilator, der Frequenzumrichter und das Manometer sind in der Anlage fest installiert. Über den Frequenzumrichter lassen sich die Drehzahl des Ventilators und so der Luft-Volumenstrom in der Anlage steuern. Für das Aufgabegut im Unterricht wurde Kunststoffgranulat aus Polypropylen gewählt. Ein kleiner Teil des Aufgabeguts wurde geschreddert, um eine Partikelgrössenverteilung im Aufgabegut zu erreichen. Das Aufgabegut ist weich genug, um die Apparate und Rohre nicht zu verkratzen. Der Zyklon kann Partikel mit einem Durchmesser von 5 bis 25 μm abscheiden. Dies in Abhängigkeit der Beladung und des Volumenstroms. Um kleinere Partikel aus dem Luftstrom abzuscheiden, ist ein HEPA-Filter am Luftaustritt des Zyklons installiert worden. Die Luftgeschwindigkeit im Windsichter kann über den Luft-Volumenstrom berechnet werden. Den Luft-Volumenstrom kann man mithilfe der Irisblende bestimmen. Die Anlage ist in einem Gestell aus Aluminium-Profilen aufgebaut und das Gestell steht auf Rollen. Die Anlage ist so konzipiert, dass sie einfach transportiert werden kann und sie passt durch Türen und in einen Warenlift. Ausblick: Als Einsatzzweck für die Anlage sind Laborversuche für die Studierenden denkbar. Die Studierenden könnten Auslegungsrechnungen zu der gegebenen Anlage durchführen, diese mit einem Versuch auf die Probe stellen und die Resultate diskutieren. Es sind auch weitere Projekte möglich, um die Anlage zu verbessern oder zu erweitern. Die Dosiervorrichtung sollte überarbeitet werden. Zudem könnten weitere Messpunkte installiert wer-den. Es gibt Pläne, die Anlage für das Klassieren von kleinen Holzstaubchargen zu benutzen. Basierend darauf, ob sich der Windsichter für diese Aufgabe gut eignet, kann eine grössere Anlage gebaut werden, welche den gewünschten Durchsatz ermöglicht.
    11 - Studentische Arbeit
  • Vorschaubild
    Publikation
    Equation of state and thermodynamic properties for mixtures of H2O,O2, N2, and CO2 from ambient up to 1000 K and 280 MPa
    (Elsevier, 05.03.2019) Mangold, Fabienne; Pilz, Stephan; Bjelic, Sasa; Vogel, Frédéric
    Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is an effective technique to treat wet organic wastes. Its modeling requires an accurate calculation of thermodynamic properties. In this work an equation of state (EOS) is proposed which accurately predicts the thermodynamic state of mixtures of water, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide for a wide range of compositions, temperatures, and pressures including supercritical conditions. The EOS includes a volume translation, an evolved alpha-function and non-quadratic mixing rules. The introduced parameters are regressed to experimental data. From the pressure-explicit EOS, enthalpy, specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure, and fugacity coefficients are derived and calculated. The binary mixtures H2O/O2, H2O/N2, H2O/CO2, N2/CO2 as well as the ternary mixture H2O/O2/N2 are well predicted by the proposed EOS with relative errors below 10% and 15%, respectively. The region of low temperature and high pressure is most difficult to predict with relative errors up to 20%.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
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    Publikation
    Hydrothermal oxidation of fecal sludge. Experimental investigations and kinetic modeling
    (American Chemical Society, 17.10.2016) Hübner, Tobias; Roth, Markus; Vogel, Frédéric
    Hydrothermal oxidation (HTO) provides an efficient technique to completely destroy wet organic wastes. In this study, HTO was applied to treat fecal sludge at well-defined experimental conditions. Four different kinetic models were adjusted to the obtained data. Among others, a distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was applied. A total of 33 experiments were carried out in an unstirred batch reactor with pressurized air as the oxidant at temperatures of <470 °C, oxygen-to-fuel equivalence ratios between 0 and 1.9, feed concentrations between 3.9 and 9.8 molTOC L−1 (TOC = total organic carbon), and reaction times between 86 and 1572 s. Decomposition of the fecal sludge was monitored by means of the conversion of TOC to CO2 and CO. In the presence of oxygen, ignition of the reaction was observed around 300 °C, followed by further rapid decomposition of the organic material. The TOC was completely decomposed to CO2 within 25 min at 470 °C and an oxygen-to-fuel equivalence ratio of 1.2. CO was formed as an intermediate product, and no other combustible products were found in the gas. At certain reaction conditions, the formation of unwanted coke and tarlike products occurred. The reaction temperature and oxygen-to-fuel equivalence ratio showed a significant influence on TOC conversion, while the initial TOC concentration did not. Conversion of TOC to CO2 could be well described with a first-order rate law and an activation energy of 39 kJ mol−1.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
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    Publikation
    Partitioning of reactive nitrogen (NOy) and dependence on meteorological conditions in the lower free troposphere
    (Copernicus, 19.06.2003) Zellweger, Christoph; Forrer, Jann; Hofer, Peter; Nyeki, Stephan; Schwarzenbach, Beat; Weingartner, Ernest; Ammann, Markus; Baltensperger, Urs
    Results of continuous nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and total reactive nitrogen (NOy) measurements along with seasonal field campaigns of nitric acid (HNO3) and particulate nitrate (NO3-) measurements are presented for a two-year period at the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch (JFJ), 3580 m asl. The NOy mixing ratio and partitioning is shown to strongly depend on meteorological conditions. Knowledge of these meteorological transport processes allows discrimination between undisturbed (i.e. clean) and disturbed (i.e. influenced by regional pollution sources) free tropospheric (FT) conditions at the JFJ. Median NOy concentrations during undisturbed FT periods ranged from 350 pptv (winter, December to February) to 581 pptv (spring, March to May). PAN was found to be the dominant NOy species during spring and summer, whereas NO2 was most abundant during autumn and winter. Particulate nitrate was found to contribute significantly to total NOy during thermally induced vertical transport. Föhn events, synoptical lifting (e.g. fronts) and thermally induced vertical transport resulted in mixing ratios up to 10 times higher at the JFJ compared to undisturbed FT conditions. Furthermore, this meteorological variability of the NOy concentration and partitioning often dominated the seasonal variability. As a consequence the use of filters at the JFJ (and other mountainous sites) is crucial for the interpretation of data from such measurement sites. This study presents a further development of meteorological filters for the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, which also could be modified and adapted to other mountainous measurement sites.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
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    Publikation
    Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch. detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis
    (Copernicus, 08.12.2004) Collaud Coen, Martine; Weingartner, Ernest; Schaub, D.; Hueglin, Christoph; Corrigan, C.; Henning, Silvia; Schwikowski, Margit; Baltensperger, Urs
    Scattering and absorption coefficients have been measured continuously at several wave-lengths since March 2001 at the high altitude site Jungfraujoch (3580ma.s.l.). From these data, the wavelength dependences of the Ångström exponent and particularly of the single scattering albedo are determined. While the exponent of the single scattering albedo usually increases with wavelength, it decreases with wavelength during Saharan dust events (SDE) due to the greater size of the mineral aerosol particles and their different chemical composition. This change in the sign of the single scattering exponent turns out to be a sensitive means for detecting Saharan dust events. The occurrence of SDE detected by this new method was confirmed by visual in-spection of filter colors and by studying long-range back-trajectories. An examination of SDE over a 22-month period shows that SDE are more frequent during the March-June period as well as during October and November. The trajectory analysis indicated a mean traveling time of 96.5h, with the most important source countries situated in the northern and north-western part of the Saharan desert. Most of the SDE do not lead to a detectable increase of the 48-h total suspended particulate matter (TSP) concentration at the Jungfraujoch. During Saharan dust events, the average contribution of this dust to hourly TSP at the Jungfraujoch is 16µg/m³, which corresponds to an annual mean of 0.8µg/m³ or 24% of TSP.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Vorschaubild
    Publikation
    Fine and ultrafine particles in the Zürich (Switzerland) area measured with a mobile laboratory: an assessment of the seasonal and regional variation throughout a year
    (Copernicus, 24.09.2003) Bukowiecki, Nicolas; Dommen, Josef; Prévôt, André S.H.; Weingartner, Ernest; Baltensperger, Urs
    On occasion of the project YOGAM (year of gas phase and aerosol measurements), the spatial and temporal variation of selected aerosol and gas phase parameters was assessed for the Zürich (Switzerland) area with a new mobile pollutant measurement laboratory. This assessment based on on-road measurements along a specified route on selected days during different seasons in 2001/2002, covering urban, suburban and rural regions. Special focus was put on the investigation and characterization of particles in the fine (particle diameter D<2.5 mm) and ultrafine (D<100 nm) size ranges. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the variance of all considered fine and ultrafine aerosol parameters (i.e. particle background and total number concentration for particles larger than 3 nm, number concentrations in the size ranges 7-30 nm and 80-140 nm, as well as the active surface area concentration) was significantly larger for day-to-day than for spatial variation. However, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) found a similar regional pollution pattern within every single measuring day. Lowest particle background levels (D>3 nm) were found in rural areas at higher elevation (15 000 cmˉ³), while corresponding mean background values for urban and freeway-influenced areas were typically 35 000 cmˉ³ and >80 000 cmˉ³, respectively. Meteorology, i.e. prevailing weather conditions not only governed the day-to-day concentration variations in the selected area, but also influenced the formation of primary (directly traffic-related) and in few cases secondary (biogenic or anthropogenic) ultrafine particles. Overall, low temperatures regularly enhanced primary ultrafine particle formation in urban areas. There was a possible indication for relatively low number concentrations of secondary ultrafine particles during a few warm and sunny spring days. Mobile measurements as they were performed in this study have been shown to be suitable for pollutant assessments to obtain good information on spatial and day-to-day variability. For experimental studies concerning spatial resolution on a relatively short time scale (<1 day), a mobile measurement design may even be more appropriate than a network of stationary measuring sites.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Vorschaubild
    Publikation
    Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with H-TDMA instruments in various environments - a review
    (Stockholm University Press, 01.01.2008) Swietlicki, Erik; Hansson, Hans-Christen; Hämeri, Kaarle; Svenningsson, Birgitta; Massling, Andreas; McFiggans, Gordon; McMurry, Peter H.; Petäjä, Tuukka; Tunved, Peter; Gysel, Martin; Topping, David; Weingartner, Ernest; Baltensperger, Urs; Rissler, Jenny; Wiedensohler, Alfred; Kulmala, Markku
    The hygroscopic properties play a vital role for the direct and indirect effects of aerosols on climate, as well as the health effects of particulate matter (PM) by modifying the deposition pattern of inhaled particles in the humid human respiratory tract. Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA) instruments have been used in field campaigns in various environments globally over the last 25 yr to determine the water uptake on submicrometre particles at subsaturated conditions. These investigations have yielded valuable and comprehensive information regarding the particle hygroscopic properties of the atmospheric aerosol, including state of mixing. These properties determine the equilibrium particle size at ambient relative humidities and have successfully been used to calculate the activation of particles at water vapour supersaturation. This paper summarizes the existing published H-TDMA results on the sizeresolved submicrometre aerosol particle hygroscopic properties obtained from ground-based measurements at multiple marine, rural, urban and free tropospheric measurement sites. The data is classified into groups of hygroscopic growth indicating the external mixture, and providing clues to the sources and processes controlling the aerosol. An evaluation is given on how different chemical and physical properties affect the hygroscopic growth.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
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    Publikation
    Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation
    (Copernicus, 26.05.2010) Spracklen, Dominick V.; Carslaw, Kenneth S.; Merikanto, Joonas; Mann, Graham W.; Reddington, Carly L.; Pickering, S.; Ogren, John A.; Andrews, Elisabeth; Baltensperger, Urs; Weingartner, Ernest; Boy, Michael; Kulmala, Markku; Laakso, Lauri; Lihavainen, Heikki; Kivekäs, Niku; Komppula, Mika; Mihalopoulos, Ninolaos; Kouvarakis, Giorgos; Jennings, Stephen G.; O'Dowd, Collin D.; Birmili, Wolfram; Wiedensohler, Alfred; Weller, Rolf; Gras, John; Laj, Paolo; Sellegri, Karine; Bonn, Boris; Krejci, Radovan; Laaksonen, Ari; Hamed, Amar; Minikin, Andreas; Harrison, Roy Michael; Talbot, Robert; Sun, Junying
    We synthesised observations of total particle number (CN) concentration from 36 sites around the world. We found that annual mean CN concentrations are typically 300–2000 cm−3 in the marine boundary layer and free troposphere (FT) and 1000–10 000 cm−3 in the continental boundary layer (BL). Many sites exhibit pronounced seasonality with summer time concentrations a factor of 2–10 greater than wintertime concentrations. We used these CN observations to evaluate primary and secondary sources of particle number in a global aerosol microphysics model. We found that emissions of primary particles can reasonably reproduce the spatial pattern of observed CN concentration (R2=0.46) but fail to explain the observed seasonal cycle (R2=0.1). The modeled CN concentration in the FT was biased low (normalised mean bias, NMB=−88%) unless a secondary source of particles was included, for example from binary homogeneous nucleation of sulfuric acid and water (NMB=−25%). Simulated CN concentrations in the continental BL were also biased low (NMB=−74%) unless the number emission of anthropogenic primary particles was increased or a mechanism that results in particle formation in the BL was included. We ran a number of simulations where we included an empirical BL nucleation mechanism either using the activation-type mechanism (nucleation rate, J, proportional to gas-phase sulfuric acid concentration to the power one) or kinetic-type mechanism (J proportional to sulfuric acid to the power two) with a range of nucleation coefficients. We found that the seasonal CN cycle observed at continental BL sites was better simulated by BL particle formation (R2=0.3) than by increasing the number emission from primary anthropogenic sources (R2=0.18). The nucleation constants that resulted in best overall match between model and observed CN concentrations were consistent with values derived in previous studies from detailed case studies at individual sites. In our model, kinetic and activation-type nucleation parameterizations gave similar agreement with observed monthly mean CN concentrations.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Vorschaubild
    Publikation
    Hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter and humic-like organics in atmospheric fine aerosol
    (Copernicus, 22.01.2004) Gysel, Martin; Weingartner, Ernest; Nyeki, Stephan; Paulsen, Dwane; Baltensperger, Urs; Galambos, Ildikó; Kiss, Gyula
    Ambient continental-rural fine aerosol (K-puszta, Hungary, PM1.5) was sampled on quartz fibre filters in winter and summer 2001. Water-soluble matter (WSM) was extracted in MilliQ-water, and, in a second step, solid phase extraction was used to isolate the less hydrophilic fraction (ISOM) of the water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) from remaining inorganic salts and "most" hydrophilic organic matter (MHOM). This approach allowed ISOM, which constitutes the major fraction of WSOM, to be isolated from ambient aerosols and investigated in pure form. Hygroscopic properties of both WSM and ISOM extracts as well as of aquatic reference fulvic and humic acids were investigated using a Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (H-TDMA). ISOM deliquesced between 30% and 60% relative humidity (RH), and hygroscopic growth factors at 90% RH ranged from 1.08 to 1.17. The hygroscopicity of ISOM is comparable to secondary organic aerosols obtained in smog chamber experiments, but lower than the hygroscopicity of highly soluble organic acids. The hygroscopic behaviour of investigated fulvic and humic acids had similarities to ISOM, but hygroscopic growth factors were slightly smaller and deliquescence was observed at higher RH (75-85% and 85-95% RH for fulvic acid and humic acid, respectively). These differences probably originate from larger average molecular mass and lower solubility of fulvic and humic acids. Inorganic composition data, measured ISOM hygroscopicity, and a presumed value for the hygroscopicity of the small remaining MHOM fraction were used to predict hygroscopic growth of WSM extracts. Good agreement between model prediction and measured water uptake was observed with differences (by volume) ranging from +1% to -18%. While deliquescence properties of WSM extracts were mainly determined by the inorganic salts (42-53 wt % of WSM), the WSOM accounted for a significant fraction of particulate water. At 90% RH, according to model predictions and measurements, about 80-62% of particulate water in the samples are associated with inorganic salts and about 20-38% with WSOM. The relative contributions of both distinguished WSOM fractions, ISOM and MHOM, remains uncertain since MHOM was not available in isolated form, but the results suggest that the less abundant MHOM is also important due to its presumably larger hygroscopicity.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
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    Publikation
    The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation
    (Copernicus, 2006) McFiggans, Gordon B.; Artaxo, Paulo; Baltensperger, Urs; Coe, Hugh; Facchini, Maria Cristina; Feingold, Graham; Fuzzi, Sandro; Gysel, Martin; Laaksonen, Ari; Lohmann, Ulrike; Mentel, Thomas F.; Murphy, Daniel M.; O'Dowd, Colin D.; Snider, Jefferson R.; Weingartner, Ernest
    Abstract. The effects of atmospheric aerosol on climate forcing may be very substantial but are quantified poorly at present; in particular, the effects of aerosols on cloud radiative properties, or the "indirect effects" are credited with the greatest range of uncertainty amongst the known causes of radiative forcing. This manuscript explores the effects that the composition and properties of atmospheric aerosol can have on the activation of droplets in warm clouds, so potentially influencing the magnitude of the indirect effect. The effects of size, composition, mixing state and various derived properties are assessed and a range of these properties provided by atmospheric measurements in a variety of locations is briefly reviewed. The suitability of a range of process-level descriptions to capture these aerosol effects is investigated by assessment of their sensitivities to uncertainties in aerosol properties and by their performance in closure studies. The treatment of these effects within global models is reviewed and suggestions for future investigations are made.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift