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Publikation Artificial neural networks to predict the apparent degree of supersaturation in supersaturated lipid-based formulations. A pilot study(MDPI, 05.09.2021) Bennett-Lenane, Harriett; O'Shea, Joseph; Murray, Jack; Ilie, Alexandra Roxana; Holm, Rene; Kuentz, Martin; Griffin, BrendanIn response to the increasing application of machine learning (ML) across many facets of pharmaceutical development, this pilot study investigated if ML, using artificial neural networks (ANNs), could predict the apparent degree of supersaturation (aDS) from two supersaturated LBFs (sLBFs). Accuracy was compared to partial least squares (PLS) regression models. Equilibrium solubility in Capmul MCM and Maisine CC was obtained for 21 poorly water-soluble drugs at ambient temperature and 60 °C to calculate the aDS ratio. These aDS ratios and drug descriptors were used to train the ML models. When compared, the ANNs outperformed PLS for both sLBFCapmulMC (r2 0.90 vs. 0.56) and sLBFMaisineLC (r2 0.83 vs. 0.62), displaying smaller root mean square errors (RMSEs) and residuals upon training and testing. Across all the models, the descriptors involving reactivity and electron density were most important for prediction. This pilot study showed that ML can be employed to predict the propensity for supersaturation in LBFs, but even larger datasets need to be evaluated to draw final conclusions.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Exploring precipitation inhibitors to improve in vivo absorption of cinnarizine from supersaturated lipid-based drug delivery systems(Elsevier, 01.04.2021) Kuentz, Martin; Ilie, Alexandra Roxana; Griffin, Brendan; Vertzoni, Maria; Kolakovic, Ruzica; Prudic-Paus, Anke; Malash, Ahmed; Bohets, Hugo; Herman, Jilly; Holm, ReneSupersaturated lipid-based drug delivery systems are increasingly being explored as a bio-enabling formulation approach, particularly in preclinical evaluation of poorlywater-soluble drugs. While increasing the drug load through thermally-induced supersaturation resulted in enhanced in vivo exposure for some drugs, for others, such as cinnarizine, supersaturated lipid-based systems have not been found beneficial to increase the in vivo bioavailability. We hypothesized that incorporation of precipitation inhibitors to reduce drug precipitation may address this limitation. Therefore, pharmacokinetic profiles of cinnarizine supersaturated lipid-based drug delivery systems with or without precipitation inhibitors were compared. Five precipitation inhibitors were selected for investigation based on a high throughput screening of twenty-one excipients. In vivo results showed that addition of 5% precipitation inhibitors to long chain monoglyceride (LCM) or medium chain monoglyceride (MCM) formulations showed a general trend of increases in cinnarizine bioavailability, albeit only statistically significantly increased for Poloxamer 407 + LCM system (i.e. 2.7-fold increase in AUC0-24h compared to LCM without precipitation inhibitors). It appeared that precipitation inhibitors mitigated the risk of in vivo precipitation of cinnarizine from sLBDDS and overall, bioavailability was comparable to that previously reported for cinnarizine after dosing of non-supersaturated lipid systems. In summary, for drugs which are prone to precipitation from supersaturated lipid-based drug delivery systems, such as cinnarizine, inclusion of precipitation inhibitors mitigates this risk and provides the opportunity to maximize exposure which is ideally suited in early efficacy and toxicology evaluation.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Lipophilicity and hydrophobicity considerations in bio-enabling oral formulations approaches | a PEARRL review(Wiley, 04/2019) Ditzinger, Felix; Price, Daniel J.; Ilie, Alexandra Roxana; Koehl, Niklas; Jankovic, Sandra; Tsakiridou, Georgia; Aleandri, Simone; Kalantzi, Lida; Holm, Rene; Nair, Anita; Saal, Christoph; Griffin, Brendan; Kuentz, Martin01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Lipophilicity and hydrophobicity considerations in bio‐enabling oral formulations approaches – a PEARRL review(Wiley, 08/2018) Ditzinger, Felix; Price, Daniel; Ilie, Alexandra Roxana; Koehl, Niklas; Jankovic, Sandra; Tsakiridou, Georgia; Aleandri, Simone; Kalantzi, Lida; Holm, Rene; Nair, Anita; Saal, Christoph; Griffin, Brendan; Kuentz, MartinObjectives This review highlights aspects of drug hydrophobicity and lipophilicity as determinants of different oral formulation approaches with specific focus on enabling formulation technologies. An overview is provided on appropriate formulation selection by focussing on the physicochemical properties of the drug. Key findings Crystal lattice energy and the octanol–water partitioning behaviour of a poorly soluble drug are conventionally viewed as characteristics of hydrophobicity and lipophilicity, which matter particularly for any dissolution process during manufacturing and regarding drug release in the gastrointestinal tract. Different oral formulation strategies are discussed in the present review, including lipid‐based delivery, amorphous solid dispersions, mesoporous silica, nanosuspensions and cyclodextrin formulations. Summary Current literature suggests that selection of formulation approaches in pharmaceutics is still highly dependent on the availability of technological expertise in a company or research group. Encouraging is that, recent advancements point to more structured and scientifically based development approaches. More research is still needed to better link physicochemical drug properties to pharmaceutical formulation design.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Application of the solubility parameter concept to assist with oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs – a PEARRL review(Wiley, 07/2018) Jankovic, Sandra; Tsakiridou, Georgia; Ditzinger, Felix; Koehl, Niklas; Price, Daniel; Ilie, Alexandra Roxana; Kalantzi, Lida; Kimpe, Kristof; Holm, Rene; Nair, Anita; Griffin, Brendan; Saal, Christoph; Kuentz, MartinObjectives Solubility parameters have been used for decades in various scientific fields including pharmaceutics. It is, however, still a field of active research both on a conceptual and experimental level. This work addresses the need to review solubility parameter applications in pharmaceutics of poorly water‐soluble drugs. Key findings An overview of the different experimental and calculation methods to determine solubility parameters is provided, which covers from classical to modern approaches. In the pharmaceutical field, solubility parameters are primarily used to guide organic solvent selection, cocrystals and salt screening, lipid‐based delivery, solid dispersions and nano‐ or microparticulate drug delivery systems. Solubility parameters have been applied for a quantitative assessment of mixtures, or they are simply used to rank excipients for a given drug. Summary In particular, partial solubility parameters hold great promise for aiding the development of poorly soluble drug delivery systems. This is particularly true in early‐stage development, where compound availability and resources are limited. The experimental determination of solubility parameters has its merits despite being rather labour‐intensive because further data can be used to continuously improve in silico predictions. Such improvements will ensure that solubility parameters will also in future guide scientists in finding suitable drug formulations.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift