Sterchi, Yanik
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Sterchi, Yanik
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- PublikationTraditional visual search versus X-ray image inspection in students and professionals: Are the same visual-cognitive abilities needed?(10.09.2019) Merks, Sarah; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Sterchi, Yanik; Schwaninger, AdrianVisual search has been studied extensively over decades and has many real-world applications. Research shows that specific visual-cognitive abilities are needed to efficiently and effectively locate a target among distractors. It is, however, not clear whether the results from traditional, simplified visual search tasks conducted by students will extrapolate to an applied inspection task, i.e. X-ray image inspection in airport security. In this study, we tested whether the same visual-cognitive abilities can predict performance in both a traditional visual search task and an X-ray image inspection task in students and professionals. Results showed that even though both tasks require aspects of the same visual-cognitive abilities, the overlap between the tasks was small. Furthermore, although our tested populations were comparable in terms of required visual-cognitive abilities, professionals outperformed students in the X-ray image inspection task. This suggests that visual inspection is not solely predictable by visual-cognitive abilities.06 - Präsentation
- PublikationDetection Measures for Visual Inspection of X-ray Images of Passenger Baggage(10.09.2019) Sterchi, Yanik; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Schwaninger, AdrianResearchers often use the detection measures d' and A' to analyze detection performance in X-ray image inspection task. We investigated whether detection measures (d', A', and da) are truly independent of response tendency. In a first experiment, response tendency was manipulated directly through instruction and resulted in a decrease of d' and A', whereas da with a slope parameter of 0.6 remained constant. Eye-tracking data indicated that manipulating response tendency affected the decision component of the inspection task rather than search errors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on confidence ratings from a second experiment also supported da. Consistent with previous findings, our results imply that d' and A' are not always valid measures of detection performance in X-ray image inspection. We recommend calculating da with a slope parameter of 0.5 in addition to d' to avoid wrong conclusions if ROC curves are not available.06 - Präsentation
- PublikationDetection measures for visual inspection of X-ray images of passenger baggage(Springer, 2019) Sterchi, Yanik; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Schwaninger, Adrian [in: Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics]In visual inspection tasks, such as airport security and medical screening, researchers often use the detection measures d' or A' to analyze detection performance independent of response ten-dency. However, recent studies that manipulated the frequency of targets (target prevalence) indicate that da with a slope parameter of 0.6 is more valid for such tasks than d' or A'. We in-vestigated the validity of detection measures (d', A', and da) using two experiments. In the first experiment, 31 security officers completed a simulated X-ray baggage inspection task while re-sponse tendency was manipulated directly through instruction. The participants knew half of the prohibited items used in the study from training, whereas the other half were novel, thereby es-tablishing two levels of task difficulty. The results demonstrated that for both levels, d' and A' de-creased when the criterion became more liberal, whereas da with a slope parameter of 0.6 re-mained constant. Eye-tracking data indicated that manipulating response tendency affected the decision component of the inspection task rather than search errors. In the second experiment, 124 security officers completed another simulated X-ray baggage inspection task. Receiver op-erating characteristic (ROC) curves based on confidence ratings provided further support for da, and the estimated slope parameter was 0.5. Consistent with previous findings, our results imply that d' and A' are not valid measures of detection performance in X-ray image inspection. We recommend always calculating da with a slope parameter of 0.5 in addition to d' to avoid poten-tially wrong conclusions if ROC curves are not available.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationTraditional visual search vs. X-ray image inspection in students and professionals: Are the same visual-cognitive abilities needed?(Frontiers, 2019) Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Merks, Sarah; Sterchi, Yanik; Schwaninger, Adrian [in: Frontiers in Psychology]The act of looking for targets amongst an array of distractors is a cognitive task that has been studied extensively over many decades and has many real-world applications. Research shows that specific visual-cognitive abilities are needed to efficiently and effectively locate a target among distractors. It is, however, not always clear whether the results from traditional, simplified visual search tasks conducted by students will extrapolate to an applied inspection tasks in which professionals search for targets that are more complex, ambiguous, and less salient. More concretely, there are several potential challenges when interpreting traditional visual search results in terms of their implications for the X-ray image inspection task. In this study, we tested whether a theoretical intelligence model with known facets of visual-cognitive abilities (visual processing Gv, short-term memory Gsm, and processing speed Gs) can predict performance in both a traditional visual search task and an X-ray image inspection task in both students and professionals. Results showed that visual search ability as measured with a traditional visual search task is not comparable to an applied X-ray image inspection task. Even though both tasks require aspects of the same visual-cognitive abilities, the overlap between the tasks was small. We concluded that different aspects of visual-cognitive abilities predict performance on the measured tasks. Furthermore, although our tested populations were comparable in terms of performance predictors based on visual-cognitive abilities, professionals outperformed students on an applied X-ray image inspection task. Hence, inferences from our research questions have to be treated with caution, because the comparability of the two populations depends on the task.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationOn screen alarm resolution with explosive detection systems for cabin baggage screening(15.10.2018) Schwaninger, Adrian; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Sterchi, Yanik; Mendes, Marcia; Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah06 - Präsentation
- PublikationSocio-technical approach and explosive detection systems for cabin baggage screening(04.10.2018) Sterchi, Yanik; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Mendes, Marcia; Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - Präsentation
- PublikationTechnology, human factors, and a holistic approach to checkpoint screening. Part II: A holistic approach to checkpoint screening(07/2018) Schwaninger, Adrian; Merks, Sarah; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Sterchi, Yanik; Mendes, Marcia; Hügli, David06 - Präsentation
- PublikationTechnology, human factors, and a holistic approach to checkpoint screening. Part I: Technology and human factors(06/2018) Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Sterchi, Yanik; Mendes, Marcia; Hügli, David06 - Präsentation
- PublikationAutomation in airport security X-ray screening of cabin baggage: Examining benefits and possible implementations of automated explosives detection(Elsevier, 05/2018) Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Sterchi, Yanik; Mendes, Marcia; Schwaninger, Adrian [in: Applied Ergonomics]Bomb attacks on civil aviation make detecting improvised explosive devices and explosive material in passenger baggage a major concern. In the last few years, explosive detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) have become available. Although used by a number of airports, most countries have not yet implemented these systems on a wide scale. We investigated the benefits of EDSCB with two different levels of automation currently being discussed by regulators and airport operators: automation as a diagnostic aid with an on-screen alarm resolution by the airport security officer (screener) or EDSCB with an automated decision by the machine. The two experiments reported here tested and compared both scenarios and a condition without automation as baseline. Participants were screeners at two international airports who differed in both years of work experience and familiarity with automation aids. Results showed that experienced screeners were good at detecting improvised explosive devices even without EDSCB. EDSCB increased only their detection of bare explosives. In contrast, screeners with less experience (tenure < 1 year) benefitted substantially from EDSCB in detecting both improvised explosive devices and bare explosives. A comparison of all three conditions showed that automated decision provided better human–machine detection performance than on-screen alarm resolution and no automation. This came at the cost of slightly higher false alarm rates on the human–machine system level, which would still be acceptable from an operational point of view. Results indicate that a wide-scale implementation of EDSCB would increase the detection of explosives in passenger bags and automated decision instead of automation as diagnostic aid with on screen alarm resolution should be considered.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationRelevance of visual inspection strategy and knowledge about everyday objects for X-ray baggage screening(IEEE, 07.12.2017) Sterchi, Yanik; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Michel, Stefan; Schwaninger, Adrian [in: 2017 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST)]04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift