In search of a decent living. Poor households' strategies of welfare production between agency and survival

Abstract

Multidimensional poverty concepts combine the lack of material means to meet socially defined minimum needs with the equally important lack of participation and self-determination. Insufficient financial means restrict choices regarding consumer goods and services and limit weighty life choices regarding education, jobs, family. Poverty research therefore tends to describe coping with financial hardship as basically reactive and guided by sheer necessity. In this view, the vulnerability of the poor to external forces is overwhelming. Hence, their choices are inevitably detrimental in that any decision implies negative effects. The question therefore is how we can distinguish genuine agency in non-trivial matters from merely reactive survival.

Agency as the freedom of leading a life according to one’s own reflected values is at the heart of the capability approach (CA). The CA foregrounds real opportunities (capabilities) as opposed to achieved states (functionings) while factoring in the preconditions for agency, namely the personal set of conversion factors that are needed to turn resources into actual welfare. However, critics argue that capabilities cannot be distinguished clearly from functionings and that providing “(genuine) opportunities for (secure) functionings” is the appropriate political target of poverty alleviation (Wolff/de-Shalit 2007; 2013). Being able to sustain functioning over time is important because heightened vulnerability to risk is a salient characteristic of being poor. Moreover, Wolff and de-Shalit posit that “being able to take control over the way in which the function is achieved” (2013, 164) is a crucial dimension of choice. To assess genuine agency, we therefore need to analyze secure functionings, personal sets of conversion factors, and the value-based preferences and goals of poor people – not least whether they can achieve things their own way.

Based on an ongoing long-term qualitative study of the welfare production strategies of 40 poor households in Switzerland, we discuss degrees of agency over time from a capabilities perspective. By definition, these households are deprived of some basic capabilities in that they live below the poverty line. In this study we use the strict poverty line of eligibility for social assistance or supplemental benefits. In addition, indicators of material deprivation serve as thresholds to assess secure functionings. To what extent are the study participants still able to partially realize a life according to their own values? Preliminary results reveal a range of agency from mere adaption through cutting consumption to partial realization of personal life goals or overcoming poverty through one’s own efforts.