Booster chlorination in Palestinian schools. field investigation of chlorination dynamics in Central Hebron directorate
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Author (Corporation)
Publication date
28.11.2025
Type of student thesis
Course of study
Collections
Type
01A - Journal article
Editors
Editor (Corporation)
Supervisor
Parent work
Water
Special issue
DOI of the original publication
Link
Series
Series number
Volume
17
Issue / Number
23
Pages / Duration
3405
Patent number
Publisher / Publishing institution
MDPI
Place of publication / Event location
Edition
Version
Programming language
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Practice partner / Client
Abstract
Intermittent water supply is common in Palestine, prompting schools to rely on on-site water storage systems, including underground and roof tanks. Prolonged and uncontrolled water storage leads to quality degradation, especially with free residual chlorine (FRC) depletion. Hence, this poses health risks to students and staff. This pilot (field) study evaluated the effectiveness of booster chlorination under the current storage conditions to optimize and improve the existing chlorination process. Four schools were selected based on the type of water storage systems (two with underground tanks, two with roof tanks) and building age. Booster chlorination was applied at two chlorine doses (0.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L). FRC was monitored until levels dropped below 0.05 mg/L. Results show that the currently applied chlorine dose (0.5 mg/L) is insufficient to reach the minimum national FRC standard (0.2 mg/L) after 30 min. In contrast, a 1 mg/L chlorine dose is more effective in maintaining the minimum FRC concentration limit for a longer time. In addition, manual mixing is ineffective in large underground tanks, while it is effective in
roof tanks. This study urges the need to revise the national chlorination guidelines and to adjust chlorination practices to ensure safe drinking water in schools.
Keywords
Booster chlorination, Chlorination procedure, Free residual chlorine, Chlorine dose, Schools, Underground storage tank, Roof tanks
Subject (DDC)
Event
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ISBN
ISSN
2073-4441
Language
English
Created during FHNW affiliation
Yes
Strategic action fields FHNW
Publication status
Published
Review
Peer review of the complete publication
Open access category
Gold
License
Citation
Sultan, S., Nassar, M., Sawalha, H., Jabari, M., Issa, Y., Abu Thrie, M., Chevalier, G., & Peter, M. (2025). Booster chlorination in Palestinian schools. field investigation of chlorination dynamics in Central Hebron directorate. Water, 17(23), 3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17233405