Booster chlorination in Palestinian schools. field investigation of chlorination dynamics in Central Hebron directorate
Lade...
Autor:in (Körperschaft)
Publikationsdatum
28.11.2025
Typ der Arbeit
Studiengang
Sammlung
Typ
01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
Herausgeber:innen
Herausgeber:in (Körperschaft)
Betreuer:in
Übergeordnetes Werk
Water
Themenheft
DOI der Originalpublikation
Link
Reihe / Serie
Reihennummer
Jahrgang / Band
17
Ausgabe / Nummer
23
Seiten / Dauer
3405
Patentnummer
Verlag / Herausgebende Institution
MDPI
Verlagsort / Veranstaltungsort
Auflage
Version
Programmiersprache
Abtretungsempfänger:in
Praxispartner:in/Auftraggeber:in
Zusammenfassung
Intermittent water supply is common in Palestine, prompting schools to rely on on-site water storage systems, including underground and roof tanks. Prolonged and uncontrolled water storage leads to quality degradation, especially with free residual chlorine (FRC) depletion. Hence, this poses health risks to students and staff. This pilot (field) study evaluated the effectiveness of booster chlorination under the current storage conditions to optimize and improve the existing chlorination process. Four schools were selected based on the type of water storage systems (two with underground tanks, two with roof tanks) and building age. Booster chlorination was applied at two chlorine doses (0.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L). FRC was monitored until levels dropped below 0.05 mg/L. Results show that the currently applied chlorine dose (0.5 mg/L) is insufficient to reach the minimum national FRC standard (0.2 mg/L) after 30 min. In contrast, a 1 mg/L chlorine dose is more effective in maintaining the minimum FRC concentration limit for a longer time. In addition, manual mixing is ineffective in large underground tanks, while it is effective in
roof tanks. This study urges the need to revise the national chlorination guidelines and to adjust chlorination practices to ensure safe drinking water in schools.
Schlagwörter
Booster chlorination, Chlorination procedure, Free residual chlorine, Chlorine dose, Schools, Underground storage tank, Roof tanks
Fachgebiet (DDC)
Veranstaltung
Startdatum der Ausstellung
Enddatum der Ausstellung
Startdatum der Konferenz
Enddatum der Konferenz
Datum der letzten Prüfung
ISBN
ISSN
2073-4441
Sprache
Englisch
Während FHNW Zugehörigkeit erstellt
Ja
Zukunftsfelder FHNW
Publikationsstatus
Veröffentlicht
Begutachtung
Peer-Review der ganzen Publikation
Open Access-Status
Gold
Lizenz
Zitation
Sultan, S., Nassar, M., Sawalha, H., Jabari, M., Issa, Y., Abu Thrie, M., Chevalier, G., & Peter, M. (2025). Booster chlorination in Palestinian schools. field investigation of chlorination dynamics in Central Hebron directorate. Water, 17(23), 3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17233405