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- PublikationGrowth and structural change of combustion aerosols at high relative humidity(American Chemical Society, 01.12.1995) Weingartner, Ernest; Baltensperger, Urs; Burtscher, Heinz [in: Environmental Science & Technology]01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationAn analysis of accreted drop sizes and mass on rimed snow crystals(American Meteorological Society, 01.06.1994) Mosimann, Lukas; Weingartner, Ernest; Waldvogel, Albert [in: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]A classification of the degree of riming of snow crystals is established, based on a visual rating and expressed on a scale ranging from 0 (unrimed) to 5 (graupel). For 84 individual snow crystals collected from six cases over three winters, the size distribution of the accreted cloud droplets is studied. Relationships between the degree of riming and quantitative parameters, namely, the total number and mass of accreted cloud droplets and especially the rimed mass fraction of a snow crystal, are presented. These new relationships may be a powerful tool to estimate the aforementioned parameters by rating only the degree of riming of a snow crystal.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationHygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot particles(Elsevier, 08/1997) Weingartner, Ernest; Burtscher, Heinz; Baltensperger, Urs [in: Atmospheric Environment]Laboratory experiments were performed in order to study the hygroscopic properties of freshly produced carbon and diesel soot particles at subsaturations (i.e. at relative humidity < 100%). Wetted carbon aggregates collapsed to a more compact structure. In contrast, the diesel combustion particles exhibited a much smaller restructuring combined with condensational growth. The hygroscopicity of the diesel particles was enhanced when the sulfur content of the fuel was increased or when the particles were subjected to an ozone and UV pre-treatment. By extrapolating the data with a Köhler model critical supersaturations were calculated. Freshly emitted combustion particles are unlikely to act as cloud condensation nuclei whereas an aging of the particles will enhance their nucleation ability.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationHeterogeneous chemical processing of 13NO2 by monodisperse carbon aerosols at very low concentrations(American Chemical Society, 19.09.1996) Kalberer, Markus; Tabor, K.; Ammann, Markus; Parrat, Yves; Weingartner, Ernest; Piguet, D.; Rössler, E.; Jost, Dieter T.; Türler, Andreas; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Baltensperger, Urs [in: The Journal of Physical Chemistry]The heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with different carbon aerosol particles was investigated in situ. The NO2 was labeled with the β+-emitter 13N (half-life 10.0 min) which allowed application of NO2 at very low concentrations. The carbon aerosol was either produced by a spark discharge generator using graphite electrodes or by a brush generator resuspending commercial soot material. Monodisperse size cuts between 50- and 490-nm diameter were selected and mixed with the 13NO2. After a defined reaction time, the different reaction products were separated by means of selective traps and detected on-line by γ-spectrometry. A sticking coefficient for chemisorption of NO2 between 0.3 × 10ˉ⁴ and 4.0 × 10ˉ⁴ and a rate constant for the reduction of adsorbed NO2 to NO(g) between 4.0 × 10 ˉ⁴ and 9.4 × 10 ˉ⁴ /s were determined for both aerosols. The sticking coefficient obtained in this study in situ with aerosol particles is 2 orders of magnitudes smaller than the uptake coefficient recently reported with bulk carbon material.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationSeasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol size distributions (10(Wiley, 01.11.1999) Weingartner, Ernest; Nyeki, Stephan; Baltensperger, Urs [in: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres]During an extended field campaign at a high-alpine site (Jungfraujoch; 3580 m asl, Switzerland) from March 1997 to May 1998, the particle number size distribution (diameter D = 18–750 nm) and number concentration N (D>10 nm) were measured on a continuous basis. The number size distribution was dominated by particles with D<100 nm, while most of the surface area was in the accumulation mode size range (0.1–1 μm). Average size distributions exhibited a distinct bimodal shape which is generated and maintained by cloud processes and is less distinct in the free troposphere. Fitted modal diameters and standard deviations σ of the Aitken (20–100 nm) and accumulation modes were surprisingly constant throughout the year (DAit = 43±3 nm; DAcc = 140±6 nm; σAit = 2.13±0.11; σAcc = 1.61±0.03). The relative number concentrations in both modes are responsible for the seasonally observed in the shape of the size distribution. The high seasonality of NAcc with summer and winter values of ∼260 and ∼40 cmˉ³, respectively, is mainly due to transport of planetary boundary layer air to the station. In contrast, new particle formation is responsible for the high concentrations of nucleation mode particles (D<20 nm) which exhibited a maximum during the winter months. The relatively low seasonality found for NAit (summer, winter values: ∼530, ∼310 cmˉ³) is due to gas-to-particle conversion as well as transport processes. An analysis showed that a significant fraction of nucleation mode particles were formed by photochemical reactions.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift