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Ergebnisse nach Hochschule und Institut
Publikation Comparison of methods to assess the integrity and separation efficiency of ultrafiltration membranes in wastewater reclamation processes(Elsevier, 06/2018) Krahnstöver, Thérèse; Hochstrat, Rita; Wintgens, ThomasMembrane filtration is used in many water reuse applications, thanks to its high separation efficiency with regard to particles, bacteria, cysts and in the case of ultrafiltration even viruses. However, the separation performance of a membrane system can be affected and the permeate quality can be reduced or increased by phenomena such as membrane damage, membrane fouling or microbiological regrowth on both permeate and retentate side of the membrane. Thus, in order to guarantee a sufficiently high permeate quality, the separation efficiency of a membrane system has to be assessed sensitively, reliably and, if possible, continuously. In the here presented study, a variety of different analytical methods was tested to assess the separation efficiency of ultrafiltration membranes in a pilot-scale wastewater reclamation system. After intentionally damaging the membrane to different degrees, its integrity was monitored by pressure decay testing and permeate turbidity measurements, and by continuously monitoring the concentration of micro- and nanoparticles in the permeate stream. The microbiological permeate quality was not only assessed by plate counting, but also by flow cytometric measurements. The results showed that the membrane integrity is primarily affected by physical damaging, as detectable by pressure decay testing, while the permeate quality strongly depends on particle-membrane interactions such as formation of a fouling layer or clogging of membrane defects. Nanoparticle counting was found to be a very sensitive method to continuously monitor the membrane’s separation efficiency. Additionally, flow cytometry revealed that bacterial regrowth on the permeate side can affect the microbiological permeate quality in particular.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Separating powdered activated carbon (PAC) from wastewater – Technical process options and assessment of removal efficiency(Elsevier, 10/2018) Krahnstöver, Thérèse; Wintgens, ThomasWastewater treatment plant effluents often contain anthropogenic micropollutants that can have harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems in the receiving water body. For this reason, more and more plants are being equipped with advanced treatment stages for micropollutant removal, such as ozonation or activated carbon adsorption. If powdered activated carbon (PAC) is used, it is crucial to retain the loaded PAC particles within the system and prevent PAC leakage into the environment. A range of different PAC separation processes is available today, but a systematic method comparison and derivation of practical recommendations is still missing. To fill this gap, we reviewed 27 pilot-, large- and full-scale PAC applications in the field of wastewater treatment with a specific focus on the implemented PAC separation processes. The operating conditions and removal efficiencies of all set-ups were collated and summarized. We also compared analytical methods to determine the residual PAC content in treatment plant effluents with regard to their sensitivity and selectivity. On this basis, recommendations were compiled to efficiently design and operate PAC separation stages and monitor their process quality.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift