Hall, Monika

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Monika
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Hall, Monika

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  • Publikation
    Comparison of flexibility factors and introduction of a flexibility classification using advanced heat pump control
    (MDPI, 13.12.2021) Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim [in: Energies]
    With the increasing use of renewable energy, the energy flexibility of buildings becomes increasingly important regarding grid support. Therefore, there is a need to describe this flexibility in a concise manner. For the characterization of building energy flexibility, flexibility factors can be used. The comparison of a selection of existing flexibility factors shows that they are not easy to use or understand for designers and users. A simplification is necessary. The aim of this study is to introduce a flexibility classification that is easy to understand and shows in an easy way if a building already uses the lowest energy cost level or if further improvement is possible. The classification expresses the annual energy costs in colored classes: green (class A) for lowest up to red (class D) for highest level. Basically, the flexibility classes can be derived for any metric of interest, in this paper examples are shown for energy costs and CO2eq emissions. The results given are based on the simulation of load management scenarios with different penalty signals applied for the heat pump operation of a residential building.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Publikation
    Comparison of flexibility factors for a residential building
    (IOP Publishing, 18.11.2021) Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim [in: Journal of Physics: Conference Series]
    Buildings that are able to shift their loads without comfort restraints are important for the ongoing transformation of the power supply. This flexibility potential can be expressed in flexibility factors. The usefulness of four factors is investigated based on load control for the heat pump of a small apartment building according to electricity prices (high/low tariffs, spot market prices), CO2eq emissions share in the grid and a restricted operation period during daytime. The calculation methodology of the presented flexibility factors GSC, RIP, FF and FI is very different. RIP and FF are preferable because they have defined valid ranges which makes them easier to understand. Current electricity prices force the heat pump operation mainly into the night. The optimization of CO2eq emissions encourages operation mainly during the day. The optimization goals costs or CO2eq emissions thus lead to opposing heat pump operation times and can currently therefore not both be met simultaneously.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Publikation
    Load Control by Demand Side Management to Support Grid Stability in Building Clusters
    (MDPI, 01.10.2020) Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim [in: Energies]
    Increasing numbers of photovoltaic systems and heat pumps in existing building clusters can lead to an overload of the associated substations of the electric grid. Based on a multi-agent-based simulation of three building cluster types the impact of building flexibility in regard to the residual substation load is studied. Each building announces its available flexibility, e.g. “heat pump can be switched off/on”. A cluster master coordinator evaluates the incoming offers and decides which offers are accepted in regard to the substation’s capacity utilization. The goal is to honour the substation’s limit by shifting the residual load. This paper presents results from three typical urban building clusters for different penetration scenarios in regard to heat pumps, photovoltaic systems, batteries and electric vehicles. It is shown that in the studied building clusters a high penetration of heat pumps and photovoltaic systems can violate the existing substation’s limits, regardless of the efforts by the master coordinator. Batteries of typical capacities cannot reduce the peak residual load. The load shifting options of the master coordinator are limited.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Publikation
    Smarte Gebäude - netzdienlich oder nicht?
    (Brenet, 04.09.2020) Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim; Bichsel, Jürg; Sattler, Michael [in: 21. Status-Seminar Erneuern! Sanierungsstrategien für den Gebäudepark]
    Die Laststeuerung nach Strompreisen (Hoch-/Niedertarif, Spotmarktpreise), CO2-eq-Emissionen bzw. dem Eigenverbrauch wird für die Wärmepumpe eines kleinen Mehrfamilienhauses untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden anhand von vier verschiedenen Flexibilitätskenngrössen dargestellt. Die Berechnungsmethodik der vorgestellten Kenngrössen GSCabs, RIP, FF und FI ist sehr unterschiedlich. Somit sind auch die Wertebereiche, die eine Kenngrösse annehmen kann bzw. Zielwerte, die eine hohe Flexibilität anzeigen, sehr verschieden. Dies macht die Vergleichbarkeit der Kenngrössen schwierig. Die vorgestellten Flexibilitätskenngrössen zeigen jedoch grundsätzlich dieselben Tendenzen an, so dass jede Kenngrösse genutzt werden kann. Die Ziele von Netz- und Gebäudebetreiber widersprechen sich nicht. Es muss jedoch entschieden werden, ob der Fokus auf einer Netzentlastung bei tiefen Stromkosten oder auf der Reduktion der CO2-eq- Emissionen liegt.
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
  • Publikation
    Energetische Flexibilität von Gebäuden
    (Hochschule für Architektur, Bau und Geomatik FHNW, 24.06.2020) Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim
    In diesem Projekt werden verschiedene Aspekte zum Thema «Energetische Flexibilität von Gebäuden» untersucht. Die Schwerpunkte liegen auf der Berechnung des Eigenverbrauchs, der Nutzung der thermischen Gebäudemasse zur flexiblen Laufzeitverschiebung der Wärmepumpe, das netzdienliche Lastmanagement für drei Quartiertypen, dem Einsatz von Flexibilitätskenngrössen und dem Thema Eigenverbrauch versus Netzdienlichkeit.
    05 - Forschungs- oder Arbeitsbericht
  • Publikation
    Multi-agent based simulation of smart building cluster for electric grid stabilization
    (IOP Publishing, 21.11.2019) Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim; Wache, Holger [in: Journal of Physics: Conference Series]
    With the increasing number of photovoltaic systems and heat pumps in buildings existing substations of the electric grid could be overloaded. A multi-agent based simulation of a building cluster studies the impact of building flexibility in regard to the residual substation load. Each building announces its available flexibility, e.g. "heat pump can be switched off/on". A master coordinator evaluates all incoming offers and decides which offers are accepted. This reduces the residual load at the substation. This paper presents results from a study of the impact at the substation of a smart urban building cluster with different penetration scenarios of heat pumps, photovoltaic systems, batteries and electric vehicles. It is shown that a high penetration of heat pumps and photovoltaic systems violates the substation's limits for the studied building cluster. Batteries cannot reduce the peak utilization. The master coordinator's load shifting options are limited.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Publikation
    Quantifying Thermal Flexibility of Multi-Family and Office Buildings
    (University of Cambridge, 11.09.2018) Hoffmann, Caroline; Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim [in: Building Simulation & Optimization 2018]
    In diesem Beitrag geht es um die thermische Flexibilität von Mehrfamilienhäusern und Bürogebäuden. Speziell wird untersucht, wie es sich bei beiden Gebäudetypen auf den thermischen Komfort auswirkt, wenn das Gebäude nur tagsüber und in möglichst kurzen Zeitabschnitten beheizt und gekühlt wird.
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
  • Publikation
    Quantifying Thermal Flexibility of Multy-Family and Office Buildings
    (11.09.2018) Hoffmann, Caroline; Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim
    The increased feed-in of solar electricity into the grid needs to be counterbalanced by an increase in self-consumption of buildings. This presentation addresses the differences in thermal flexibility between a multi-family house and an office building and the implications to thermal comfort. It looks into the operating time of both heating and cooling and gives simplified design criteria for residential buildings. The findings of the thermal simulations suggest that it seems easier to utilize thermal flexibility in residential buildings than in office buildings. Transferred to the Swiss building stock, it is estimated that roughly 10% of the dwellings could offer some thermal flexibility to the grid.
    06 - Präsentation
  • Publikation
    Energetische Flexibilität durch Nutzung der thermischen Gebäudemasse
    (06.09.2018) Hall, Monika; Hoffmann, Caroline; Geissler, Achim [in: Proceedings of 20. Status-Seminar "Forschen für den Bau im Kontext von Energie und Umwelt"]
    Aufgrund der Preisentwicklung von Strom wird es immer attraktiver, den Stromertrag der lokalen Photovoltaikanlage direkt vor Ort zu nutzen. Hierzu eignen sich grosse Strombezüger, die während der Tagesstunden Strom beziehen können, wie z.B. Wärmepumpen. Ziel ist es, die Laufzeit der Wärmepumpe auf den Tag zu beschränken. Je geringer die notwendige Laufzeit ist, desto grösser wird die Flexibilität hinsichtlich der Wahl der Laufzeitfenster. Es werden ein Mehrfamilienhaus (Fussbodenheizung) und ein Bürogebäude (Betonkernaktivierung in der Decke) untersucht. Beide untersuchten Gebäudetypen zeigen, dass die thermische Gebäudemasse ein wichtiger Bestandteil im Rahmen der energetischen Flexibilität ist. Es lässt sich aus den durchgeführten Untersuchungen ableiten, dass diese Flexibilität im Wohnbereich besser als im Bürobau zu nutzen ist, da im Bürobau die internen Lasten eine sehr grosse Rolle spielen. Im Winter wirken sich hohe interne Lasten positiv auf die Flexibilität aus, es sind kürzere Laufzeiten der Wärmepumpe (Heizmodus) möglich. Im Sommer verlängern hohe interne Lasten die Laufzeiten der Wärmepumpe (Kühlmodus), da mehr bzw. länger gekühlt werden muss.
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
  • Publikation
    The impact of different energy balancing methods on Net Zero Energy Buildings
    (03.10.2017) Hall, Monika; Geissler, Achim [in: 12th Conference on Advanced Building Skins]
    To date, the building energy balance is typically based on annual values. If the annual PV-yield equals the overall annual energy demand, the building is called a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB). Of course, this balancing approach does not take into account that PV-yield and electricity energy demand do not necessarily occur at the same time. However, Swiss standards and the building label Minergie have begun to address this issue. The Swiss standard SIA 380:2015, and the Minergie recast 2017 include self-consumption/grid-interaction in the energy balance. Currently, for the energy balance PV-yield and electricity demand are usually weighted with the same primary energy factor. Minergie 2017 retains this, but SIA 380:2015 features different (asymmetrical) primary energy factors for import from and export to the grid. This necessarily has a large impact on the resulting energy balance. The primary energy factor for import from the grid depends on the chosen type of the power mix in the grid. If this factor is higher than the primary energy factor of the PV-system, a larger PV system than when using symmetrical factors is required in order to fulfil the NZEB balance. The impact of balancing method of SIA 380:2015 and Minergie-A on a Net Zero Energy Building are discussed. It is found that the newly introduced definitions for the building energy balance have a large impact on the grid interaction.
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift