Merks, Sarah

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Sarah
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Merks, Sarah

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2017 - 201922020 - 20222
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Institut: Institut Mensch in komplexen Systemen × Typ: 01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift ×

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  • Vorschaubild
    Publikation
    Benefits of decision support systems in relation to task difficulty in airport security X-ray screening
    (Taylor & Francis, 15.08.2022) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian [in: International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction]
    Automated explosive detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) highlight areas in X-ray images of passenger bags that could contain explosive material. Several countries have implemented EDSCB so that passengers can leave personal electronic devices in their cabin bag- gage. This increases checkpoint efficiency, but also task difficulty for screeners. We used this case to investigate whether the benefits of decision support systems depend on task difficulty. 100 pro- fessional screeners conducted a simulated baggage screening task. They had to detect prohibited articles built into personal electronic devices that were screened either separately (low task diffi- culty) or inside baggage (high task difficulty). Results showed that EDSCB increased the detection of bombs built into personal electronic devices when screened separately. When electronics were left inside the baggage, operators ignored many EDSCB alarms, and many bombs were missed. Moreover, screeners missed most unalarmed explosives because they over-relied on the EDSCB’s judgment. We recommend that when EDSCB indicates that the bag might contain an explosive, baggage should always be examined further in a secondary search using explosive trace detection, manual opening of bags and other means
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Vorschaubild nicht verfügbar
    Publikation
    Automation reliability, human–machine system performance, and operator compliance: A study with airport security screeners supported by automated explosives detection systems for cabin baggage screening
    (Elsevier, 2020) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian [in: Applied Ergonomics]
    Using a simulated X-ray screening task, we tested 122 airport security screeners working with the support of explosives detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) as low-level automation. EDSCB varied systematically on three automation reliability measures: accuracy, d’, and positive predictive value (PPV). Results showed that when unaided performance was high, operator confidence was high, and automation provided only small benefits. When unaided performance was lower, operator confidence was lower, and automation with higher d’ provided large benefits. Operator compliance depended on the PPV of automation: We found lower compliance for lower PPV. Automation with a high false alarm rate of 20% and a low PPV of .3 resulted in operators ignoring about one-half of the true automation alarms on difficult targets—a strong cry-wolf effect. Our results suggest that automation reliability described by d’ and PPV is more valid than using accuracy alone. When the PPV is below .5, operators should receive clear instructions on how to respond to automation alarms.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Vorschaubild nicht verfügbar
    Publikation
    Traditional visual search vs. X-ray image inspection in students and professionals: Are the same visual-cognitive abilities needed?
    (Frontiers, 2019) Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Merks, Sarah; Sterchi, Yanik; Schwaninger, Adrian [in: Frontiers in Psychology]
    The act of looking for targets amongst an array of distractors is a cognitive task that has been studied extensively over many decades and has many real-world applications. Research shows that specific visual-cognitive abilities are needed to efficiently and effectively locate a target among distractors. It is, however, not always clear whether the results from traditional, simplified visual search tasks conducted by students will extrapolate to an applied inspection tasks in which professionals search for targets that are more complex, ambiguous, and less salient. More concretely, there are several potential challenges when interpreting traditional visual search results in terms of their implications for the X-ray image inspection task. In this study, we tested whether a theoretical intelligence model with known facets of visual-cognitive abilities (visual processing Gv, short-term memory Gsm, and processing speed Gs) can predict performance in both a traditional visual search task and an X-ray image inspection task in both students and professionals. Results showed that visual search ability as measured with a traditional visual search task is not comparable to an applied X-ray image inspection task. Even though both tasks require aspects of the same visual-cognitive abilities, the overlap between the tasks was small. We concluded that different aspects of visual-cognitive abilities predict performance on the measured tasks. Furthermore, although our tested populations were comparable in terms of performance predictors based on visual-cognitive abilities, professionals outperformed students on an applied X-ray image inspection task. Hence, inferences from our research questions have to be treated with caution, because the comparability of the two populations depends on the task.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
  • Vorschaubild
    Publikation
    On the relation between mental ability and speed of information processing in the Hick task: An analysis of behavioral and electrophysiological speed measures
    (Elsevier, 2017) Troche, Stefan J.; Merks, Sarah; Houlihan, Michael E.; Rammsayer, Thomas H. [in: Personality and Individual Differences]
    Inspired by Robert Stelmack's research on the electrophysiological foundation of mental ability (MA), the present study investigated whether the well-established negative relation between reaction times (RTs) and MA in four conditions of the Hick task can be explained by faster stimulus classification and consolidation in working memory as measured by the P300 latency in the event-related potential. RTs of 113 female participants aged from 17 to 38 years increased with increasing number of response alternatives in the Hick task. Except for one condition, RTs were negatively and significantly related to MA but this relationship did not increase with task complexity. This pattern of results suggests that speed of response selection does not account for shorter RTs in individuals with higher than lower MA. Against our expectations, however, in none of the four conditions, P300 latency was related to MA. Thus, the negative association between RTs and MA cannot be explained in terms of faster stimulus evaluation and consolidation in working memory. As a tentative explanation of this lack of association, even the most complex condition was not demanding enough to require the inhibitory processes underlying the P300 component in a sufficient extent to reveal MA-related individual differences in P300 latency.
    01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift