Institut für Mobile und Verteilte Systeme

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Energyefficient Kubernetes
(Hochschule für Technik FHNW, 22.03.2024) Baur, Jérôme; Engel, Julie; Graf, Sebastian; SIX Group
Cloud Computing hat sich als unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der IT-Welt etabliert. Es ermöglicht Unternehmen, Ressourcen wie CPU und Arbeitsspeicher flexibel und bedarfsgerecht zu nutzen. Eine eziente Nutzung dieser Ressourcen ist entscheidend, da eine ineziente Nutzung mit einem erhöhten Stromverbrauch einhergeht. Bei der Produktion von Strom werden, direkt oder indirekt, Treibhausgase emittiert. Aufgrund des kontinuierlichen und starken Wachstums von Kubernetes als Schlüsseltechnologie besteht ein erhebliches Potenzial, die CO2-Emissionen durch eine ezientere Nutzung dieser Plattform zu reduzieren. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Energieverbrauch von Kubernetes-Clustern mithilfe des KeplerProjektes und zielt darauf ab, Strategien zur Steigerung der Energieezienz zu identifizieren und zu bewerten. Im Zentrum stehen dabei zwei Hauptansätze: der Vergleich von Monolithen und Microservices hinsichtlich ihres Energieverbrauchs und die Evaluation des Einsatzes des Vertical Pod Autoscalers (VPA) zur Optimierung der Ressourcennutzung. In der Untersuchung des ersten Ansatzes wurde festgestellt, dass die Deploymentstrategie (Monolith vs. Microservices) allein keine signifikante Auswirkung auf die Energieezienz hat. Der Energieverbrauch wird hauptsächlich durch den Idle Energieverbrauch der Nodes beeinflusst. Der zweite Ansatz dieser Arbeit, der Einsatz des Vertical Pod Autoscalers, zeigte hingegen positive Eekte auf die Energieezienz. Durch die dynamische Anpassung der Ressourcenanforderungen von Pods und durch das Entfernen von Nodes konnte die Auslastung der Nodes verbessert und somit der Idle Energieverbrauch verringert werden. Dies führte zu einer signifikanten Reduktion des Energieverbrauchs. Diese Arbeit bietet wichtige Einsichten in die Energieezienz von Kubernetes-Clustern und zeigt auf, dass insbesondere die Reduktion des Idle Energieverbrauchs und der gezielte Einsatz von Ressourcenmanagement-Tools entscheidend für ezientere Ressourcennutzung sind.
11 - Studentische Arbeit
Interactive use-case generation tool for functional REST API testing
(Hochschule für Technik FHNW, 18.08.2023) Volken, Jonas; Leu, Benjamin; Kropp, Martin; Affolter, Fabian; Tesitifi GmbH
Software is an integral part of any business, which makes the significance of high-quality software in today’s digital age undeniable. However, despite the advancements in software testing, challenges persist in efficiently planning, generating, and executing test cases, particularly for REST API-based applications. This project addresses the issue by developing a sequence generator tool that enables testers to effortlessly create and execute sequences of requests, streamlining the creation of comprehensive test scenarios. By simplifying the process of connecting response values to subsequent request values, the software seeks to maximize test coverage, improve test quality, and enable testers to focus more on software quality enhancement than the efforts of test construction. The client for this project is Testifi GmbH, a company dedicated to enhancing software delivery processes through DevOps integrations and AI-automated quality assurance solutions. The main focus of the project was to find out if the test quality increased by using the sequence generator tool due to more edge cases and more complex scenarios being tested compared to manual API testing, as well as showing if the efficiency improvement can be measured in reduced amount of time necessary for creation sequences. To answer these questions and develop an application that offers value for Testifi GmbH, a literature review was conducted on the subjects of basic user interface design and user experience concepts for advanced users. Based on the findings, the user interface of the application was outlined and the software implemented. During development and with the finished product, multiple sets of user tests were conducted with users experienced in working with APIs, to improve the design and software during development, and to gain insights about the effectiveness of the final product. Those tests showed that the main goals of the project could be reached by demonstrating a considerable amount of time saved by using the application, while also outperforming manual testing methods in efficiency and ease of use. Key features like the linking of response values to subsequent request values and the suggestion of such links based on Testifi’s Pulse Artificial intelligence (AI) as well as previously created sequences were well received by testers and customer. The literature review also proved to be very valuable as users praised the straightforward design, while never missing any important data. When Testifi GmbH integrates the end product in their pulse workflow, its ability to create sequences easily and intuitively as well as the potential of the additional link suggestions created by the tool to be used in improving the Pulse AI will be indispensable.
11 - Studentische Arbeit
Maintenance and evolution of large scale software systems – Business, dev & ops challenges
(10.02.2023) Rüegger, Janick; Kropp, Martin
Even in the time of agile software development and devOps, maintenance and evolution of large-scale software systems remain challenging. This is not only caused by technical debt, but is heavily caused by lost knowledge, high complexity of micro-service architectures, difficult requirements management, not available documentation, and the complexity of communication among and coordination of the many stakeholders. In our session we will talk about the challenges we identified in our study and present new approaches to address these challenges.
06 - Präsentation
Waste self-reporting for software development productivity improvement
(Springer, 2023) Sallin, Marc; Kropp, Martin; Anslow, Craig; Biddle, Robert; Stettina, Christoph J.; Garbajosa, Juan; Kruchten, Philippe [in: Agile processes in software engineering and extreme programming]
Little research has been done on enabling software development teams to self-report waste to assist in productivity improvement. This study created a waste categorization and survey for teams to identify and quantify wasteful activities. Developers from a Swiss company used the survey for three weeks. Participants found the survey helpful for identifying waste but there was little evidence that self-reported waste correlated with improved performance.
04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
Understanding Leadership in Agile Software Development Teams: Who and How?
(Springer, 09.06.2022) Weichbrodt, Johann; Kropp, Martin; Biddle, Robert; Gregory, Peggy; Anslow, Craig; Bühler, Ursina Maria; Mateescu, Magdalena; Meier, Andreas; Stray, Viktoria; Stol, Klaas-Jan; Paasivaara, Maria; Kruchten, Philippe [in: Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming. XP 2022]
In this paper we report on a study of the nature of different aspects of leadership in agile teams. We used an established model of leadership, distinguishing transactional and transformational styles, and asked IT professionals a set of questions about the leadership they experience, both from direct supervisors (hierarchical leadership) and from the team itself (shared leadership). Our results show that agility is indeed related to the transformational style, but that the transactional style also plays a part, especially as shared leadership. Furthermore, even in highly agile software development, leadership by direct supervisors still plays an important role. We propose that, as software development becomes more agile, the transactional aspects of leadership may shift away from the leadership dyad between supervisor and employee into the agile team, while transformational leadership is important for both the team and supervisors.
04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
Benefits of card walls in agile software development. A systematic literature review
(Springer, 2022) Sallin, Marc; Kropp, Martin; Stray, Viktoria; Stol, Klaas-Jan; Paasivaara, Maria; Kruchten, Philippe [in: Agile processes in software engineering and extreme programming]
Card walls are often used to visualize various aspects of the software development process. They are an essential and widespread agile practice. Despite the drawback of physical card walls, its digital version is often not considered a sufficient alternative. This paper aims to find the reason for this and suggests how to evolve digital card walls into a viable alternative. We conducted a systematic literature review and analyzed twenty-two studies. We identified which desirable effects agile teams get from card wall usage and derived a set of properties a card wall needs to achieve those effects. Furthermore, we suggested a typology of card walls to compare the benefits and challenges among them.
04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
Deshalb gewinnt Edge Computing an Bedeutung
(Netzmedien, 2022) Amberg, Thomas [in: Netzwoche]
Internet-of-Things-Systeme speichern und analysieren Daten in der Cloud. Edge Computing bringt Rechenpower und Datenspeicher an den Rand des Netzwerks, zu den Sensoren und Aktuatoren im Feld.
01B - Beitrag in Magazin oder Zeitung
Agile Software Development: Practices, Self-Organization, and Satisfaction
(Springer, 2021) Biddle, Robert; Kropp, Martin; Meier, Andreas; Anslow, Craig; Pfeiffer, Sabine; Nicklich, Manuel; Sauer, Stefan [in: The Agile Imperative]
04A - Beitrag Sammelband
The Effects on social support and work engagement with scrum events
(IEEE, 2021) Müller, Debora; Kropp, Martin; Anslow, Craig; Meier, Andreas [in: 2021 IEEE/ACM 13th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE)]
One of the core values of the Agile Manifesto is “individuals and interactions over processes and tools.” Scrum implements interaction through key events (Sprint, Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, and Retrospective). There is limited work done on how these events influence perceived social support and work engagement. This paper examines perceived social support as a strengthening factor on work engagement in an agile work environment. Drawing upon the Job Demands-Resource Model, the research question is how do Scrum events relate to social support and what effect do they have on work engagement? We conducted an online survey with 132 Scrum professionals and analyzed the data using structural equation modelling. Results show that the Scrum event Retrospective strengthened social support. Moreover, social support is positively related to work engagement. The research contributes to the limited empirical understanding on perceived social support as well as work engagement in an agile work environment. It provides companies with an understanding of the importance of Retrospectives as a Scrum event.
04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
Measuring Software Delivery Performance Using the Four Key Metrics of DevOps
(Springer, 2021) Sallin, Marc; Kropp, Martin; Anslow, Craig; Quilty, James W.; Meier, Andreas; Gregory, Peggy; Lassenius, Casper; Wang, Xiaofeng; Kruchten, Philippe [in: Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming]
The Four Key Metrics of DevOps have become very popular for measuring IT-performance and DevOps adoption. However, the measurement of the four metrics deployment frequency, lead time for change, time to restore service and change failure rate is often done manually and through surveys - with only few data points. In this work we evaluated how the Four Key Metrics can be measured automatically and developed a prototype for the automatic measurement of the Four Key Metrics. We then evaluated if the measurement is valuable for practitioners in a company. The analysis shows that the chosen measurement approach is both suitable and the results valuable for the team with respect to measuring and improving the software delivery performance.
04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
Satisfaction and its correlates in agile software development
(Elsevier, 06/2020) Kropp, Martin; Meier, Andreas; Anslow, Craig; Biddle, Robert [in: Journal of Systems and Software]
In this paper we address the topic of software development team members satisfaction with their development process. We present an in-depth analysis of the results of a nationwide survey about software development in Switzerland. We wanted to find out if satisfaction relates to the applied development method, and to the use of various practices, and impacts on business, team and software issues. We found that higher satisfaction is reported more by those using Agile development than with plan-driven processes. We explored the different perspectives of developers and those with a management role and found a high consistency of satisfaction between Agile developers and Agile management, and differences with those using working plan-driven methods. We found that certain practices and impacts have high correlations to satisfaction, and that collaborative processes are closely related to satisfaction. We then explored the relationship between satisfaction and various other perspectives. Our results in this analysis are principally descriptive, but we think they can be a relevant contribution to understand the challenges for everyone involved in Agile development.
01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
Satisfaction and its correlates in agile software development
(Elsevier, 2020) Kropp, Martin; Meier, Andreas; Anslow, Craig; Biddle, Robert [in: Journal of Systems and Software]
01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
Visualizing progress tracking for software teams on large collaborative touch displays
(IEEE, 2020) Scott-Hill, Brandon; Anslow, Craig; Ferreira, Jennifer; Kropp, Martin; Mateescu, Magdalena; Meier, Andreas [in: 2020 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)]
04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
Beyond REST: GraphQL with Java
(17.10.2019) Gruntz, Dominik
RESTful Web services are well established for accessing data from the backend, but REST interfaces have their disadvantages and constraints. That’s why Facebook developed GraphQL as an alternative. In this talk the goals and principles of GraphQL are presented. We will look at GraphQL's Schema Language and its Query Language and play around with the GraphQL API of github. Using an example application we will show how Java can be used to build a GraphQL server which supports queries, mutations and notifications.
06 - Präsentation
Scoop - Mobile Payment
(03/2018) Gruntz, Dominik; Knecht, Markus; Wullschleger, Stephan [in: IMVS Fokus Report]
In diesem Artikel wird die elektronische Geldbörse Scoop vorgestellt, die im Rahmen eines KTI Projektes entwickelt worden ist. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Mobile Payment Lösungen muss bei Scoop der Point of Sale (POS) nicht mehr direkt an das Internet angeschlossen sein. Das Settlement der Zahlung wird direkt am POS vorgenommen und, falls das Mobiltelefon am POS zum Zeitpunkt der Zahlung nicht online ist, so werden die Transaktionsdaten über ein langsames Netzwerk an den Server ausgeliefert. Um «Double-Spend»-Attacken zu erkennen, werden alle Transaktionen in einer Kette (Chain) gespeichert und mit kryptographischen Hash-Codes gesichert. Im POS sind die Hash-Codes in einem mit JavaCard programmierten Secure-Element gespeichert. In diesem Artikel präsentieren wir die Idee von Scoop und erläutern Aspekte der Realisierung.
01B - Beitrag in Magazin oder Zeitung
IoT als Enabler für ein interaktives Schaufenster
(03/2018) Luthiger, Jürg; Schoch, Robin; Stamm, Christoph [in: IMVS Fokus Report]
Am Standort Brugg/Windisch betreibt die FHNW ein Maker Studio mit einem Schaufenster zur Präsentation von Wechselausstellungen. Um Passanten in die Wechselausstellungen einbeziehen zu können, sind lichtempfindliche Schalter am Schaufenster angebracht, mit denen die interaktiven Elemente einer Ausstellung gesteuert werden können. Diese Schalter und anderen interaktiven Elemente sind mit Technologien des Internet of Things (IoT) realisiert worden. Unter IoT wird die virtuelle Repräsentation realer, physischer Objekte verstanden, die untereinander mithilfe der Internet-Technologien kommunizieren können.
01B - Beitrag in Magazin oder Zeitung
Der Blockchain Hype
(03/2018) Knecht, Markus [in: IMVS Fokus Report]
Die Kryptowährung Bitcoin ist weltweit bekannt. Die darunterliegenden Konzepte und Technologien sind aber vielen Leuten unbekannt. Der Begriff Blockchain hingegen sagt meist nur technisch interessierten Personen etwas. Die Blockchain ist die Technologie, welche Kryptowährungen wie Bitcoin überhaupt erst ermöglicht. Kryptowährungen und vor allem Blockchains durchlaufen gerade eine Hype-Phase und immer mehr Projekte werden gestartet, die mit Blockchains zu tun haben. In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir, was es mit dem ganzen Hype auf sich hat, wie die tragende Technologie dahinter funktioniert und was sich damit alles bewerkstelligen lässt.
01B - Beitrag in Magazin oder Zeitung
BACnet/IT – Gebäudeautomation in Zeiten des Internets
(03/2018) Weck, Wolfgang [in: IMVS Fokus Report]
Über die letzten Jahrzehnte hat Datenkommunikation in verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen Einzug gehalten und zu jeweils eigenen Lösungen geführt. So haben die Gebäudeautomations-Ingenieure für ihre Zwecke verschiedene Datennetzwerkstandards entwickelt, die sich in der Industrie und in bestehenden Gebäuden etabliert haben. Zugleich hat sich aus verschiedenen Anwendungen wie der Datenverarbeitung und der Büroinformation die bekannte Internet-Technologie entwickelt. Diese ist mittlerweile so verbreitet, dass eine Sogwirkung einsetzt: Dank hoher Stückzahlen, Marktmacht, Bekanntheit usw. wird es immer interessanter die Internet-Standards anstelle eigener, anwendungsspezifischer zu nutzen. Wie man zwei etablierte Standards – BACnet aus der Gebäudeautomation und die IT-Netze der Gebäude-Nutzer – zusammenbringen kann, ohne dass sich eine der beiden Welten komplett der anderen unterwirft, haben wir in einem KTI-geförderten Projekt zur Konvergenz der Gebäudeautomation und IT-Welt untersucht.
01B - Beitrag in Magazin oder Zeitung
Sources of satisfaction in agile software development
(ACM, 2018) Kropp, Martin; Biddle, Robert; Meier, Andreas; Anslow, Craig [in: ACM/IEEE 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE 2018)]
In this paper we address the topic of satisfaction by analysis of the results of a national survey of software development in Switzerland. We found that satisfaction is reported more by those using Agile development than with plan-driven processes. We explored how satisfaction relates to oth-er elements in the development process, including the use of various practices, and the in!uences on business, team and software issues. We found that certain practices and in!uences have high correlations to satisfaction, and that collaborative processes are closely related to sat-isfaction, especially when combined with technical practices. Our intention in this analysis is principally descriptive, but we think the results are important to understand the challenges for everyone involved in Agile development, and can help in the transformation to Agile.
04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
Stress in Agile Software Development: Practices and Outcomes
(Springer, 2018) Meier, Andreas; Kropp, Martin; Anslow, Craig; Biddle, Robert; Garbajosa, Juan; Wang, Xiaofeng; Aguiar, Ademar [in: Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming]
04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift

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