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Publikation Novel Titanium Nanospike Structure Using Low-Energy Helium Ion Bombardment for the Transgingival Part of a Dental Implant(MDPI, 24.03.2022) Mukaddam, Khaled; Astasov-Frauenhoffer, Monika; Fasler-Kan, Elizaveta; Marot, Laurent; Kisiel, Marcin; Steiner, Roland; Sanchez, Fabien; Meyer, Ernst; Bornstein, Michael M.; Kühl, Sebastian; Köser, JoachimAim(s): The aim of the study was to fabricate a nanospike surface on a titanium alloy surface using a newly established method of low-energy helium ion bombardment. Various methods to achieve nanospike formation on titanium have been introduced recently, and their antibacterial properties have been mainly investigated with respect to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis play an important role in the development of peri-implantitis. For that reason, the antibacterial properties of the novel, nanostructured titanium surface against P. gingivalis were assessed, and a possible effect on the viability of gingival fibroblasts was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Helium sputtering was employed for developing titanium surfaces with nanospikes of 500 nm (ND) in height; commercially available smooth-machined (MD) and sandblasted and acid-etched titanium disks (SLA) were used as controls. Surface structure characterization was performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Following incubation with P. gingivalis, antibacterial properties were determined via conventional culturing and SEM. Additionally, the viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was tested through MTT assay, and cell morphology was assessed through SEM. Results: SEM images confirmed the successful establishment of a nanospike surface with required heights, albeit with heterogeneity. AFM images of the 500 nm nanospike surface revealed that the roughness is dominated by large-scale hills and valleys. For frame sizes of 5 × 5 μm and smaller, the average roughness is dominated by the height of the titanium spikes. ND successfully induces dysmorphisms within P. gingivalis cultures following the incubation period, while conventional culturing reveals a 17% and 20% reduction for ND compared to MD and SLA, respectively. Moreover, the nanospike surfaces did not affect the viability of human growth fibroblasts despite their sharp surface. Conclusion(s): This study successfully developed a novel titanium-nanospike-based structuration technique for titanium surfaces. In addition, the nanospikes did not hinder gingival fibroblast viability. Enhanced antimicrobial effects for such a novel nanospike-based resurfacing technique can be achieved through further optimizations for nanospike spacing and height parameters.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Three anchor concepts for rotator cuff repair in standardized physiological and osteoporotic bone: a biomechanical study(Elsevier, 06.10.2019) de Wild, Michael; Dietschy, Alain; Claudio, Rosso; Rosso, Claudio01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Osteoconductive Lattice Microarchitecture for Optimized Bone Regeneration(Mary Ann Liebert, 06/2018) de Wild, Michael; Ghayor, Chafik; Zimmermann, Simon; Rüegg, Jasmine; Nicholls, Flora; Schuler, Felix; Chen, Tse-Hsiang; Weber, Franz E.Selective laser melting (SLM) is one methodology to realize additive manufacturing and is mainly used to join metal powder in a layer-by-layer manner to produce a solid three-dimensional (3D) object. For bone tissue engineering purposes, scaffolds can readily be designed as 3D data model and realized with titanium known for its excellent osseointegration behavior. The microarchitecture, that is, design with submillimeter features, of additively manufactured scaffolds is in many cases a lattice structure. This study aimed to apply SLM that allows a high degree of microarchitectural freedom to generate lattice structures and to determine the optimal distance between rods and the optimal diameter of rods for osteoconduction (bone ingrowth into scaffolds) and bone regeneration. For the biological readout, diverse SLM-fabricated titanium implants were placed in the calvarium of rabbits and new bone formation and defect bridging were determined after 4 weeks of healing. The results from the middle section of the defects show that with a lattice microarchitecture, the optimal distance between titanium rods is around 0.8 mm and the optimal rod dimension is between 0.3 and 0.4 mm to optimize defect bridging and bone regeneration.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Lattice Microarchitecture for Bone Tissue Engineering from Calcium Phosphate Compared to Titanium(Mary Ann Liebert, 10/2018) Chen, Tse-Hsiang; Ghayor, Chafik; Siegenthaler, Barbara; Schuler, Felix; Rüegg, Jasmine; de Wild, Michael; Weber, Franz E.Additive manufacturing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds will become a key element for personalized bone tissue engineering in the near future. Several additive manufacturing processes are based on extrusion where the deposition of the filament will result in a three-dimensional lattice structure. Recently, we studied diverse lattice structures for bone tissue engineering realized by laser sintering of titanium. In this work, we used lithography-based ceramic manufacturing of lattice structures to produce scaffolds from tricalcium phosphates (TCP) and compared them in vivo to congruent titanium scaffolds manufactured with the identical computer-aided design data to look for material-based differences in bony healing. The results show that, during a 4-week period in a noncritical-size defect in a rabbit calvarium, both scaffolds with the identical microarchitecture performed equally well in terms of bony regeneration and bony bridging of the defect. A significant increase in both parameters could only be achieved when the TCP-based scaffolds were doped with bone morphogenetic protein-2. In a critical-size defect in the calvarial bone of rabbits, however, the titanium scaffold performed significantly better than the TCP-based scaffold, most likely due to its higher mechanical stability. We conclude that titanium and TCP-based scaffolds of the same microarchitecture perform equally well in terms of bone regeneration, provided the microarchitecture meets the mechanical demand at the site of implantation.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Marker for the pre-clinical development of bone substitute materials(De Gruyter, 2017) de Wild, Michael; Zimmermann, Simon; Obrecht, Marcel; Dard, MichelThin mechanically stable Ti-cages have been developed for the in-vivo application as X-ray and histology markers for the optimized evaluation of pre-clinical performance of bone graft materials. A metallic frame defines the region of interest during histological investigations and supports the identification of the defect site. This standardization of the procedure enhances the quality of pre-clinical experiments. Different models of thin metallic frameworks were designed and produced out of titanium by additive manufacturing (Selective Laser Melting). The productibility, the mechanical stability, the handling and suitability of several frame geometries were tested during surgery in artificial and in ex-vivo bone before a series of cages was preclinically investigated in the female Göttingen minipigs model. With our novel approach, a flexible process was established that can be adapted to the requirements of any specific animal model and bone graft testing.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Influence of microarchitecture on osteoconduction and mechanics of porous titanium scaffolds generated by selective laser melting(Mary Ann Liebert, 2016) de Wild, Michael; Zimmermann, Simon; Rüegg, Jasmine; Schumacher, Ralf; Fleischmann, Thea; Ghayor, Chafik; Weber, Franz E.Bone regeneration is naturally based on bone forming cells, osteoinduction by diverse growth factors, and osteoconduction. The latter one used as term in this study is the ingrowth of bone in 3D structures, which leads to an optimal case in creeping substitution of the scaffold by newly formed bone. Autologous bone is still the gold standard for bone substitutes. In most cases, newly developed bone substitutes consist of calcium phosphate, since hydroxyapatite is the main component of bone and mimics cancellous bone in microstructure. In this study, we wanted to elucidate the optimal microarchitecture for osteoconduction and determine compression strength and Young’s Modulus of the selected architectures. Selective laser melting of titanium was used as tool to generate diverse architectures in a repetitive and precise way. To link 3D scaffold architecture to biological readouts, bone ingrowth, bone to implant contact, and defect bridging of noncritical-sized defects in the calvarial bone of rabbits were determined. In this series, 5 different microarchitectures were tested with pore sizes ranging from 700 to 1300 lm and constrictions between 290 and 700 lm. To our surprise, all microstructures showed the same biological response of excellent osteoconduction. However, the mechanical yield strength of these structures differed by the factor of three and reached up to three times the strength of cancellous bone at a porosity of 72.3–88.4%. These results suggest that the microarchitecture of bone substitutes can be optimized toward mechanical strength in a wide range of constrictions and pore sizes without having a negative influence on osteoconduction.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift