Barjak, Franz
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The effectiveness of policies for formal knowledge transfer from European universities and public research institutes to firms
We use survey data for 247 European universities and 40 public research organizations to investigate the effects of institutional policies on four outcomes of transfer performance (R&D agreements with companies, patent applications, licence agreements, and start-ups established). We find that the effects of policies to establish clear rules, improve transparency, and provide financial or non-finan- cial incentives vary by outcome. Improving transparency by publishing the policies for licencing or intellectual property are often negatively correlated with outcomes, particularly for licence agree- ments. Out of three non-financial incentives, only social rewards have a rather positive effect (on start-ups), but financial incentives are positively correlated with several outcomes. A higher salary is positively linked to the number of research agreements and patent applications, while giving in- ventors a share of revenue is positively correlated with licencing and start-ups. The results suggest that the type of incentive as well as the degree of transparency of transfer policies should be chosen to complement the main transfer channels and strategy of the institution.
Wie wirksam sind Innovationsfördermaßnahmen in der Schweiz?
Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst eine Sekundäranalyse von 16 Evaluationen und Studien der Innovationspolitik der Schweiz aus dem Zeitraum 1997-2012 zusammen (Barjak, 2013). Neben einem begleitenden Tracking und einer nachgelagerten Leistungsmessung sind periodische Synthesen einzelner Evaluationen sehr sinnvoll. Sie tragen zu einem differenzierteren Verständnis von Innovationsvorgängen in Unternehmen bei und beleuchten die Reaktionen der Akteure auf die Massnahmen zur Innovationsförderung (und ihre Evaluation). Erst die Zusammenschau von Einzelevaluationen ermöglicht es, die Wirksamkeit, Stärken und Schwächen der Innovationsförderung auf Systemebene und über einzelne Akteure und Interventionen hinweg zu diskutieren (Arnold, 2004; Edler, Ebersberger & Lo, 2008; Magro & Wilson, 2013). Sie hilft dabei, den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zur Innovationsförderung in einer Volkswirtschaft zu resümieren.
Influences of the regional and national economic environment on the technology transfer performance of academic institutions in Europe
The paper looks how the national and regional environment influence the knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) performance of universities and public research institutes. We regress a number of institutional control variables, country dummies and variables for region size and economic structure, per capita income, technology intensity, andR&Dintensity on four different tech transfer performance measures (R&D agreements with companies, patent applications, start-ups, licence agreements). Drawing on data from a survey of more than 200 European institutions we find: (1) Country differences are related to differences in the institutional set-up of technology transfer and to the (regional) economic environment which suggests multi-level analyses to properly take these interactions into account. (2) Institutions in a country usually excel for one performance measure which we take as a supporting argument for the development of transfer strategies. (3) Having manufacturing companies and a large share of governmental R&D expenditure in the region matter more than the technology intensity and R&D intensity of the regional economy. The latter result is counterintuitive and indicates that further research is needed in order to understand better where the clients of university technologies actually come from.
Paving the way for a new composite indicator on business model innovations
The paper conceptualises business model innovations (BMI) as a fundamental change of the mechanisms and arrangements of how a company creates, delivers and captures value. It translates this definition into a composite innovation indicator that consists of a combination of radical product and radical process innovations, or radical product innovations combined with marketing and organisational innovations. Implementing this definition with empirical data from the Community Innovation Surveys (CIS) in Europe, we find that roughly one out of 20 SMEs has introduced a BMI in the three-year period preceding the surveys. Deepening our understanding of the construct by means of an exploratory analysis of 60 BMI case studies, we find that revenue model innovations have not been captured sufficiently in the CIS datasets. At the same time, they constitute an essential element and characterize a significant number of BMI cases. We suggest that innovation surveys should introduce questions on revenue model innovations and add a few further changes to better capture business model innovations in the future.
Business model innovation as a composite type of innovation
The paper conceptualises business model innovations (BMI) as a fundamental change of the mechanisms and arrangements of how a company creates, delivers and captures value. It translates this definition into a composite innovation indicator that consists of a combination of radical product and radical process innovations, or radical product innovations combined with marketing and organisational innovations. Deepening our understanding of the construct by means of an exploratory analysis of 60 BMI case studies, we find that revenue model innovations have not been captured sufficiently in the CIS datasets. At the same time, they constitute an essential element and characterize a significant number of BMI cases. We suggest that innovation surveys should introduce questions on revenue model innovations and add a few further changes to better capture business model innovations in the future.
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