Fischer, Katrin

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Katrin
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Fischer, Katrin

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    06 - Präsentation
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    Technische Anlagemodernisierungen: Herausforderung für eine soziotechnische Systemgestaltung
    (GfA-Press, 03.03.2023) Müller, Nicole; Stoller, Nicole; Iseli, Katja; Boutellier, Annelies; Fischer, Katrin [in: Nachhaltig Arbeiten und Lernen – Analyse und Gestaltung lernförderlicher und nachhaltiger Arbeitssysteme und Arbeits- und Lernprozesse]
    Bei Anlagemodernisierungen in Unternehmen steht die Technik häufig im Fokus, während Arbeitsprozesse und -aufgaben für die Mitarbeitenden oft erst reaktiv angepasst werden. Um negative Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitssituation der Mitarbeitenden zu vermeiden, benötigen die sozialen Komponenten eines Arbeitssystems daher besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Im Rahmen einer Anlagemodernisierung in einem Schweizer Industriewerk wurden die Folgen auf die Arbeitssituation der Mitarbeitenden anhand einer soziotechnischen Systemanalyse bewertet. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Instrument entwickelt, das es dem Unternehmen für zukünftige Modernisierungsprojekte ermöglicht, prospektiv deren Auswirkungen auf die Human- und Organisationsfaktoren abzuschätzen und vorausschauend positiv zu gestalten.
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
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    Bar display or numeric display – which punctuality display makes more sense for train drivers?
    (09.11.2022) Stoller, Nicole; Wahrstätter, Stefan; Brüngger, Jonas; Fischer, Katrin
    Background: Drivers of some public transport, like trams or buses, are equipped with a punctuality display to continuously monitor the actual status with the scheduled times of the timetable. The train drivers of the Swiss Federal Railways and some other major railway companies in the country do not have such a punctuality display until now. Instead, they receive other information aids on the screen of their work tablets, such as frequent passage times for operating points or recommended speeds for a smooth and energy-saving journey. However, train drivers must compare two displayed times and perform a mental calculation to get their current earliness or delay in relation to the timetable. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how a punctuality display needs to be designed to support drivers in a smooth and safe journey without causing stress or distraction. Method: Two prototype punctuality displays, a bar graph display and a numeric display, were developed in a workshop with experts from the railway and occupational psychology fields. During the development the two prototypes were evaluated according to suitable design and usability criteria such as task appropriateness, conformity to expectations or individuality. In addition, the two prototypes were not allowed to restrict the train drivers' scope of action or distract them during the journey. The train drivers tested the two punctuality displays on test tablets during one to two work shifts. They then rated usefulness, distraction, stress, risk of confusion and other issues on an online-questionnaire using a 7-point Likert scale. Results: Seventy-three train drivers tested the punctuality displays, 55 of whom completed the questionnaire. Eighty per cent of the drivers preferred the numerical display to the bar display. The ratings of some aspects, such as usefulness or interpretability, were significantly higher for the numeric display than for the bar display. Conclusion: The results show a clear preference for the numeric display over the bar display. While the usability criteria in this study were only considered for the punctuality display itself, they should also be applied when the system is put in place.
    06 - Präsentation
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    Punctuality display in the driver’s cab: Blessing or curse for train drivers?
    (27.09.2022) Wahrstätter, Stefan; Stoller, Nicole; Brüngger, Jonas; Fischer, Katrin
    Energy efficiency is an important topic for the Swiss railway industry – and not only because of the discussion regarding climate change. Currently, train drivers already receive updates on operating times, optimised speed profiles and recommended speed corrections through various assistance systems, enabling punctual and energy-efficient driving. As a further step, researchers at the University of Applied Psychology FHNW Switzerland and the Swiss Federal Railways SBB have now tested another support system in the driver’s cab: the punctuality display. A punctuality display could save train drivers from having to mentally calculate any deviation to the scheduled time themselves and thus keep their attention on safety-relevant tasks. This display may increase the overall system’s transparency and thus enhance perceived control for the train drivers. However, a punctuality display could also cause permanent readjustments to cruising speed and thus increase stress for the train drivers. The aim of the research project was to investigate the potential effects of a punctuality display on the daily work routine of train drivers. Other factors, such as the influence of the train driver’s work experience or the effect of the punctuality display while driving on different routes, were also investigated. In a second step, two different designs of a punctuality display were evaluated to investigate their influence on factors such as stress or distraction and to determine which of the two designs was preferred by train drivers. Or, in somewhat more general terms, the study intended to examine whether additional information systems are beneficial for a system operator because they increase system and process transparency, or whether this additional information is more of a stressor or restricts the operators’ scope for action. To assess these questions, test runs were carried out and assessed through questionnaires. The results show that the punctuality display is evaluated as a supportive tool by the train drivers. Novices rate the punctuality display slightly more positively than experts. When testing the design variants, it became apparent that a simple numeric display was preferred to a bar display. The stress and distraction potential of a punctuality display was generally evaluated as low by the train drivers and the display was not rated as disruptive. As a conclusion, it seems reasonable to provide train drivers with a punctuality display in form of a numerical display in the driver’s cab to support them in their daily work activity.
    06 - Präsentation
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    Distraction and the Use of Modern Communication Devices in the Train Driver's Cab
    (26.09.2022) Stoller, Nicole; Brüngger, Jonas; Wahrstätter, Stefan; Dittrich, Melisa; Nisoli, Giulio; Hostettler, Karin; Fischer, Katrin
    Swiss railway companies provide their train drivers with modern communication devices such as cell phones and tablets. The use of these devices is necessary for train drivers to perform their tasks. However, the use of these devices can distract the drivers to an extent not to be underestimated. Increasing irregularities and unsafe actions, including signals passed at danger, can be attributed at least to a certain extent to the distraction of train drivers by these mobile and other digital devices in the driver’s cab. The final goal of this study was to identify appropriate measures to reduce distraction or its consequences without restricting the scope of action of the train drivers or hindering them in the performance of their primary tasks (i. e., safe train driving). We investigated which digital devices and which of their functions in the driver’s cab lead to distraction in what situations. For this purpose, we conducted 14 qualitative observations in the driver’s cab and six interviews with rail experts. Based on the results, we suggested how to address distraction in the driver’s cab from a work psychology and design perspective. To achieve a holistic approach, we developed measures that address the individual driver as well as the design of technology and the organizational processes. The development and validation of appropriate measures was realized in close collaboration with experts of several railway companies. The outcome is a set of 26 preventive and protective measures. Preventive measures aim to avoid distraction, e.g., by restricting irrelevant information from entering the driver’s cab during the ride. Protective measures reduce the negative consequences of distraction, e.g., the feature of manual and temporary suppression of incoming messages. By carefully selecting and implementing these measures, the railway companies can ultimately support their train drivers to use modern communication devices in the driver’s cab safely and sensibly.
    06 - Präsentation
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    Developing trainings to improve cognitive skills of technical operators in the railway domain
    (04.12.2020) Wahrstätter, Stefan; Brüngger, Jonas; Stoller, Nicole; Hostettler, Karin; Nisoli, Giulio; Fischer, Katrin
    Technical operators in the railway domain are experts responsible for the supervisory control of the traction power network as well as of the railway tunnels. The technical systems used to face these demanding tasks are constantly increasing in their complexity. To carry out this complex activity, it is essential that they have the necessary expertise, not only to master the execution of their own activity under normal conditions, but also to be able to react appropriately to unexpected events. To achieve this, the technical operators must be trained beyond the basic training in which they are educated in terms of technical knowledge and working with guidelines. Trainings to improve the cognitive skills required by technical operators are still lacking in Switzerland. Our team of the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland together with a Swiss railway company, in a joint research project, developed trainings to improve the relevant cognitive skills of technical operator in the railway domain. In a first step, we conducted observational interviews to analyze the tasks of technical operators. In a second step, we applied a "Cognitive Task Analysis" (CTA) to identify the cognitive skills that the operators need to perform their tasks. In a third step, we grouped these cognitive skills in order to identify training topics for which the trainings should be developed. The resulting most relevant training topics are: (1) establishing mental models, (2) communication, (3) teamwork, (4) practical rehearsal. For each of these training topics, we defined specific goals that should be achieved by technical operators through the participation to the trainings. All defined goals related to three main categories: knowledge, skills and attitude. Only by considering all three categories, it can be ensured that achieving the goals leads to the theoretical understanding of the desired behavior, the ability and the willingness to really implement it in the work setting. Based on the goals defined for each of the identified training topic, we could finally develop trainings able to improve the relevant cognitive skills of technical operator. For each training topic, we developed two types of trainings: off-the-job trainings and on-the-job trainings. Off-the-job trainings are conceived to be carry out outside of working hours. These include presentations of theoretical content of the training, practical exercises with which the relevant skills can be acquired, and group discussions to support the transfer into the daily work routine. The on-the-job trainings consist of exercises that the technical operators can carry out during their working hours, independently or in consultation with instructors. All taken together, the participation to these trainings allows technical operators to achieve the defined goals, making sure that the relevant cognitive skills of their job are effectively trained.
    06 - Präsentation
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    Use of modern communication devices in the train driver's cab – risks and design options
    (02.12.2020) Stoller, Nicole; Nisoli, Giulio; Brüngger, Jonas; Wahrstätter, Stefan; Dittrich, Melisa; Hostettler, Karin; Fischer, Katrin
    Most Swiss railway companies equip their train drivers with modern digital communication devices such as cell phones and tablets. The use of these devices is necessary for train drivers to perform their tasks but has a potential for distraction that should not be underestimated. Increasing irregularities and unsafe actions, including the signals passed at danger, can be attributed at least to a certain extent to the distraction of the train driver by these mobile and other digital devices in the driver's cab. In a research project conducted by the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland together with a Swiss railway company, we investigated which of these digital devices and functions lead to distraction in which situations. Based on this investigation, we analyzed how this problem should be addressed from a work psychology and design perspective. The final goal was to identify appropriate measures to reduce distraction or its consequences without restricting the scope of action of the train drivers or hindering them in the performance of their primary tasks (i.e. safe train driving). In a qualitative approach, we conducted observations of train driving in the driver’s cab and interviews with train drivers and experts. Based on the data obtained and on to the current literature, we conceived the first measures. In order to achieve a comprehensive approach, we developed measures that address the individual train driver as well as measures to improve the design of technology and organizational measures. In a further step, in workshops with other railway professional groups, we discussed and completed these measures in terms of their effectiveness and practicability. The result was a set of 26 preventive and protective measures. Preventive measures have the goal of avoiding distraction, whereas protective measures are conceived to reduce the negative consequences of distraction. While a preventive measure is for e.g. the introduction of attention trainings where train drivers learn to avoid certain distractions, a protective measure is for e.g. the feature of manual and temporary suppression of incoming messages which lead the driver to be distracted by messages but for a shorter duration. By carefully selecting and implementing these measures, the railway company can ultimately support its train drivers in the safe and sensible use of modern communication devices in the driver's cab.
    06 - Präsentation
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    Repetitivität oder Ereignisarmut? Die Auswirkungen spezifischer Aufgabenmerkmale auf Monotonie
    (GfA Press, 16.03.2020) Brüngger, Jonas; Geier, Luana; Hiltbrand, Martina; Rauber, Carola; Zäch, Kathrin; Fischer, Katrin [in: Digitale Arbeit, digitaler Wandel, digitaler Mensch? Bericht zum 66. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft vom 16. – 18. März 2020]
    Kurzfassung: Häufig beinhalten Überwachungsaufgaben zwei zentrale Aufgabenmerkmale, die das Erleben von Monotonie besonders begünstigen, Repetitivität und Ereignisarmut. Ziel dieser Studie ist eine differenzierte Erfassung der Auswirkung der beiden Aufgabenmerkmale auf Monotonie. Mit einem 2x2-Within-Subject-Design mit 36 Teilnehmenden wurde experimentell untersucht, in wie fern Monotonie durch Repetitivität, durch Ereignisarmut bzw. durch die Interaktion der beiden Aufgabenmerkmale erzeugt wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Unterschied im Monotononieerleben zwischen ereignisreichen und ereignisarmen Bedingungen. Ein Unterschied für die Bedingungen von Repetitivität (nicht repetitiv, repetitiv), bzw. eine Interaktion der beiden Faktoren konnte nicht aufgezeigt werden.
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
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    Nutzung mobiler digitaler Kommunikationsmittel im Führerstand – Risiken, Nebenwirkungen und Gestaltungsoptionen
    (GfA Press, 03/2020) Fischer, Katrin; Hostettler, Karin; Nisoli, Giulio; Brüngger, Jonas; Dittrich, Melisa; Stoller, Nicole [in: 66. Frühjahrskongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft. Bericht zum 66. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft vom 16. – 18. März 2020]
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
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    Entwicklung von Trainings kognitiver Fähigkeiten für technische Operateure im Bahnbetrieb
    (GfA Press, 2020) Nisoli, Giulio; Brüngger, Jonas; Hostettler, Karin; Stoller, Nicole; Fischer, Katrin [in: Digitale Arbeit, digitaler Wandel, digitaler Mensch? Bericht zum 66. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft vom 16. – 18. März 2020]
    Technische Operateure im Bahnbetrieb sind Experten, die für die Überwachung und Steuerung des Bahnstromnetzes und der Bahntunnel verantwortlich sind. Trainingsmethoden zur Verbesserung der von technischen Operateuren benötigten kognitiven Fähigkeiten fehlen in der Schweiz bislang. In einem Forschungsprojekt der Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie der Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz wurde zusammen mit einem Schweizer Bahnunternehmen mit einer sog. Cognitive Task Analysis untersucht, welche kognitiven Fähigkeiten die Operateure benötigen. Basierend auf den Untersuchungsergebnissen wurden Trainigsmethoden entwickelt, um die identifizierten relevanten kognitiven Fähigkeiten zu trainieren.
    04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift