Auflistung nach Autor:in "Merks, Sarah"
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Publikation 3D imaging for hold baggage screening: The relevance of rotation and slicing functions(06.09.2022) Merks, Sarah; Sauer, Juergen; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Airport security X-ray screening of hold baggage: 2D versus 3D imaging and evaluation of an on-screen alarm resolution protocol(11.09.2019) Isenschmid, Myrta; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, AdrianThe screening of hold baggage at airports is currently changing from 2D to 3D imaging. In this context, we compared visual inspection performance of screeners using 2D imaging versus 3D imaging versus 3D imaging following a specific on-screen alarm resolution protocol (OSARP). In a simulated hold baggage screening task, professional screeners had to decide whether X-ray images contained an improvised explosive device or not. Results showed that there was no difference in detection performance (d') between 2D and 3D imaging. Visual inspection with 3D imaging following an OSARP resulted in higher detection performance compared to 2D and 3D imaging, but also in a more neutral response bias and longer reaction times. In conclusion, screeners currently working with 2D technology do not need extensive and specific training to achieve comparable detection performance with 3D imaging. However, the application of an OSARP has the potential to further increase screeners’ detection performance.06 - PräsentationPublikation Airport security X-ray screening of hold baggage: 2D versus 3D imaging and evaluation of an on-screen alarm resolution protocol(10/2018) Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian; Pritchard, DanielIn airport security screening, passenger baggage that is transported in the hold of an aircraft (hold baggage) is screened using X-ray machines with explosive detection technology. Older systems are based on 2D multi-view imaging whereas newer systems are based on computer tomography (CT) that features 3D rotatable images (3D imaging). Regulators, airport operators and security providers currently discuss whether extensive and specific training is necessary for screeners who are used to 2D multi-view imaging before they start working with 3D imaging. Moreover, to facilitate the decision making of screeners, so called on-screen alarm resolution protocols (OSARP) are available for 3D imaging. However, their effectiveness has not been investigated yet. To address these issues, we compared the visual inspection performance of screeners using state-of-the-art 2D multi-view imaging versus 3D imaging versus 3D imaging following a specific on-screen alarm resolution protocol (OSARP). In a simulated hold baggage screening task, screeners had to decide whether X-ray images contained an improvised explosive device (IED) or not. Results showed that there was no difference in detection performance (d') between 2D and 3D imaging. Visual inspection with 3D imaging following an OSARP resulted in higher detection performance (d') compared to 2D and 3D imaging. In conclusion, screeners currently working with 2D multi-view technology do not need extensive and specific training to achieve comparable detection performance with 3D imaging. The application of an OSARP has the potential to further increase screeners’ detection performance (d') with 3D imaging.04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation Automated explosives detection with 2D multi-view X-ray for baggage screening(10/2021) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Automation reliability, human-machine system performance and operator compliance(24.11.2020) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Automation reliability, human-machine system performance, and operator compliance. A study with airport security screeners supported by automated explosives detection systems for cabin baggage screening(04.05.2022) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Automation reliability, human–machine system performance, and operator compliance: A study with airport security screeners supported by automated explosives detection systems for cabin baggage screening(Elsevier, 2020) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, AdrianUsing a simulated X-ray screening task, we tested 122 airport security screeners working with the support of explosives detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) as low-level automation. EDSCB varied systematically on three automation reliability measures: accuracy, d’, and positive predictive value (PPV). Results showed that when unaided performance was high, operator confidence was high, and automation provided only small benefits. When unaided performance was lower, operator confidence was lower, and automation with higher d’ provided large benefits. Operator compliance depended on the PPV of automation: We found lower compliance for lower PPV. Automation with a high false alarm rate of 20% and a low PPV of .3 resulted in operators ignoring about one-half of the true automation alarms on difficult targets—a strong cry-wolf effect. Our results suggest that automation reliability described by d’ and PPV is more valid than using accuracy alone. When the PPV is below .5, operators should receive clear instructions on how to respond to automation alarms.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Automation, human factors and technology(20.09.2019) Merks, Sarah; Hügli, David; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Automatisierte Sprengstofferkennung von 2D Röntgensystemen mit multi-view Technologie: gehört das Entfernen von elektronischen Gegenständen aus dem Handgepäck bald der Vergangenheit an?(04.03.2021) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Benefits of decision support systems in relation to task difficulty in airport security X-ray screening(Taylor & Francis, 15.08.2022) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, AdrianAutomated explosive detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) highlight areas in X-ray images of passenger bags that could contain explosive material. Several countries have implemented EDSCB so that passengers can leave personal electronic devices in their cabin bag- gage. This increases checkpoint efficiency, but also task difficulty for screeners. We used this case to investigate whether the benefits of decision support systems depend on task difficulty. 100 pro- fessional screeners conducted a simulated baggage screening task. They had to detect prohibited articles built into personal electronic devices that were screened either separately (low task diffi- culty) or inside baggage (high task difficulty). Results showed that EDSCB increased the detection of bombs built into personal electronic devices when screened separately. When electronics were left inside the baggage, operators ignored many EDSCB alarms, and many bombs were missed. Moreover, screeners missed most unalarmed explosives because they over-relied on the EDSCB’s judgment. We recommend that when EDSCB indicates that the bag might contain an explosive, baggage should always be examined further in a secondary search using explosive trace detection, manual opening of bags and other means01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Human factors considerations in semi-automation(13.11.2024) Sterchi, Yanik; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Human-automation interaction during cabin baggage screening at airport security checkpoints(10/2018) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Human-automation interaction in a simulated cabin baggage screening task with automated explosives detection(10.09.2019) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, AdrianThis study investigated human-automation interaction with automated explosives detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) depending on automation reliability. We conducted a laboratory experiment with 118 screeners of an international airport, which performed in a simulated X-ray screening task. We tested human-machine system performance in four test conditions: one baseline group with no EDSCB and three practically relevant EDSCB algorithms that varied systematically in automation reliability measures, i.e. accuracy, d’ and positive predictive value (PPV). Screeners had to detect improvised explosive devices, bare explosives, guns, or knives. EDSCB increased human-machine system performance for detecting explosives due to direct cueing of targets. The benefit of EDSCB depended on target difficulty and automation reliability in terms of d'. High false alarm rates caused a cry-wolf effect, especially for bare explosives. PPV of EDSCB explained screeners' compliance best. Our results suggest that operators use a probability-matching decision strategy, in particular for difficult targets06 - PräsentationPublikation Human-automation interaction in a simulated cabin baggege screening task with automated explosives detection(18.03.2020) Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Job demands, job resources, strain, motivation, and turnover intention(13.11.2024) Merks, Sarah; Latscha, Marius; Theiler, Sven; Sterchi, Yanik; Schwaninger, Adrian06 - PräsentationPublikation Key results of studies on 2D vs 3D hold baggage screening(15.11.2018) Schwaninger, Adrian; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Merks, Sarah06 - PräsentationPublikation Key results of studies on advanced technology in hold and cabin baggage screening(01.10.2018) Merks, Sarah06 - PräsentationPublikation On screen alarm resolution with explosive detection systems for cabin baggage screening(15.10.2018) Schwaninger, Adrian; Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Sterchi, Yanik; Mendes, Marcia; Hügli, David; Merks, Sarah06 - PräsentationPublikation On the relation between mental ability and speed of information processing in the Hick task: An analysis of behavioral and electrophysiological speed measures(Elsevier, 2017) Troche, Stefan J.; Merks, Sarah; Houlihan, Michael E.; Rammsayer, Thomas H.Inspired by Robert Stelmack's research on the electrophysiological foundation of mental ability (MA), the present study investigated whether the well-established negative relation between reaction times (RTs) and MA in four conditions of the Hick task can be explained by faster stimulus classification and consolidation in working memory as measured by the P300 latency in the event-related potential. RTs of 113 female participants aged from 17 to 38 years increased with increasing number of response alternatives in the Hick task. Except for one condition, RTs were negatively and significantly related to MA but this relationship did not increase with task complexity. This pattern of results suggests that speed of response selection does not account for shorter RTs in individuals with higher than lower MA. Against our expectations, however, in none of the four conditions, P300 latency was related to MA. Thus, the negative association between RTs and MA cannot be explained in terms of faster stimulus evaluation and consolidation in working memory. As a tentative explanation of this lack of association, even the most complex condition was not demanding enough to require the inhibitory processes underlying the P300 component in a sufficient extent to reveal MA-related individual differences in P300 latency.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift