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Auflistung Institut Bauingenieurwesen nach Schlagwort "624 - Ingenieurbau und Umwelttechnik"
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- PublikationA Virtual reality experiment to study citizen perception of future street scenarios(SSRN, 31.03.2023) Sánchez-Vaquerizo, Javier Argota; Hausladen, Carina Ines; Mahajan, Sachit; Matter, Marc; Siebermann, Michael; van Eggermond, Michael; Helbing, DirkThe current allocation of street space is based on expected vehicular peak-hour flows. Flexible and adaptive use of this space can respond to changing needs. To evaluate the acceptance of flexible street layouts, several urban environments were designed and implemented in virtual reality. Participants explored these designs in immersive virtual reality in a 2x3 mixed factorial experiment, in which we analysed self-reported, behavioural and physiological responses from participants. Distinct communication strategies were varied between subjects. Participants' responses reveal a preference for familiar solutions. Unconventional street layouts are less preferred, perceived as unsafe and cause a measurably greater stress response. Furthermore, information provision focusing on comparisons led participants to focus primarily on the drawbacks, instead of the advantages, of novel scenarios. When being able to freely express thoughts and opinions, participants were focused more on the impact of the space on behaviour rather than the objective physical features themselves. Especially, this last finding suggests that it is vital to develop new street scenarios in an inclusive and democratic way: the success of innovating urban spaces depends on how well the vast diversity of citizens' needs is considered and met.05 - Forschungs- oder Arbeitsbericht
- PublikationA virtual reality experiment to study pedestrian perception of future street scenarios(Nature, 2024) Argota Sánchez-Vaquerizo, Javier; Hausladen, Carina I.; Mahajan, Sachit; Matter, Marc; Siebenmann, Michael; van Eggermond, Michael; Helbing, Dirk [in: Scientific Reports]The current allocation of street space is based on expected vehicular peak-hour flows. Flexible and adaptive use of this space can respond to changing needs. To evaluate the acceptability of flexible street layouts, several urban environments were designed and implemented in virtual reality. Participants explored these designs in immersive virtual reality in a mixed factorial experiment, in which we analysed self-reported, behavioural and physiological responses from participants. Distinct communication strategies were varied between subjects. Participants’ responses reveal a preference for familiar solutions. Unconventional street layouts are less preferred, perceived as unsafe and cause a measurably greater stress response. Furthermore, information provision focusing on comparisons lead participants to focus primarily on the drawbacks, instead of the advantages of novel scenarios. When being able to freely express thoughts and opinions, participants are focused more on the impact of space design on behaviour rather than the objective physical features themselves. Especially, this last finding suggests that it is vital to develop new street scenarios in an inclusive and democratic way: the success of innovating urban spaces depends on how well the vast diversity of citizens’ needs is considered and met.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationAktivitätenbasierte Verkehrsmodelle: Methoden, Anwendungen, Vor- und Nachteile(Schweizerischer Verband der Strassen- und Verkehrsfachleute, 2022) Erath, Alexander; Vitins, Basil; Fellendorf, Martin; Arendt, Michael [in: Strasse und Verkehr]Aktivitätenbasierte Verkehrsmodelle (ABM) sind ein vielversprechender Ansatz der Verkehrsmodellierung. Gegenüber den in der Praxis mehrheitlich eingesetzten aggregierten Modellansätzen bieten ABM verschiedene Vorteile. ABM erlauben vielseitigere Auswertungsmöglichkeiten und flexiblere, methodisch konsistentere Abbildungen von intermodalen Wegeketten – zum Beispiel für ÖV- oder Langsamverkehrsstudien – und zeitlich dynamischen Massnahmen, zum Beispiel Mobility Pricing. Gleichzeitig sind ABM in der Praxis bisher noch weniger etabliert und stellen höhere Anforderungen bei der Modellierung. Im Rahmen eines SVI-Forschungsprojekts wurden Voraussetzungen sowie Vor- und Nachteile des Einsatzes von ABM untersucht, um Modellbetreibern eine Entscheidungshilfe zu bieten.01B - Beitrag in Magazin oder Zeitung
- PublikationAnalysis of the resolution of precipitation data required to obtain robust results from a hydrodynamic sewer network model(19.04.2024) Rabiei, Ehsan; Hoppe, Holger; Lebrenz, HenningThe need for precipitation data for calibrating hydrodynamic sewer network models is often compromised by using the nearest available rain gauges to study area. Due to the scarcity and irregular locations of the rain gauges, this way of satisfying the need for precipitation data can lead to incorrect conclusions with respect to the temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation, depending on the location of the rain gauges in the study area. Recent developments in the field of precipitation measurement by means of weather radar data open up new possibilities for the use of such data sources in hydrodynamic sewer network models. Even though weather radar provides precipitation information with a high temporal and spatial resolution, the raw radar data contains several sources of error and is inaccurate. The radar data are therefore often corrected and merged with ground measurements. The main objective of this study is to investigate the resolution of precipitation data required to obtain robust results in a hydrodynamic channel network model. The study area is a small catchment close to Munich in Bavaria, Germany. Data from the Isen weather radar station of the German Weather Service (DWD), which is located around 33 km from the study area, was used. Following the objectives of this study, various weather radar data products were processed in order to be used as input for a hydrodynamic sewer network model. The data with a temporal resolution of 5 minutes to 1h and a spatial resolution of 250 m x 250 m up to 1.000 m x 1.000 m form the basis for creation of datasets to be investigated. It has been observed that the use of high-resolution precipitation data leads to better model results, especially when the data is merged with rain gauges. However, it should be noted that the quality of the model results does not decrease linearly when the resolution of the precipitation data is reduced.06 - Präsentation
- PublikationApplying bias correction for merging rain gauge and radar data(Elsevier, 13.01.2015) Rabiei, Ehsan; Haberlandt, Uwe [in: Journal of Hydrology]Weather radar provides areal rainfall information with very high temporal and spatial resolution. Radar data has been implemented in several hydrological applications despite the fact that the data suffers from varying sources of error. Several studies have attempted to propose methods for solving these problems. Additionally, weather radar usually underestimates or overestimates the rainfall amount. In this study, a new method is proposed for correcting radar data by implementing the quantile mapping bias correction method. Then, the radar data is merged with observed rainfall by conditional merging and kriging with external drift interpolation techniques. The merging product is analysed regarding the sensitivity of the two investigated methods to the radar data quality. After implementing bias correction, not only did the quality of the radar data improve, but also the performance of the interpolation techniques using radar data as additional information. In general, conditional merging showed greater sensitivity to radar data quality, but performed better than all the other interpolation techniques when using bias corrected radar data. Furthermore, a seasonal variation of interpolation performances has in general been observed. A practical example of using radar data for disaggregating stations from daily to hourly temporal resolution is also proposed in this study.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationAreal rainfall estimation using moving cars. Computer experiments including hydrological modeling(Copernicus, 26.09.2016) Rabiei, Ehsan; Haberlandt, Uwe; Sester, Monika; Fitzner, Daniel; Wallner, Markus [in: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences]The need for high temporal and spatial resolution precipitation data for hydrological analyses has been discussed in several studies. Although rain gauges provide valuable information, a very dense rain gauge network is costly. As a result, several new ideas have emerged to help estimating areal rainfall with higher temporal and spatial resolution. Rabiei et al. (2013) observed that moving cars, called RainCars (RCs), can potentially be a new source of data for measuring rain rate. The optical sensors used in that study are designed for operating the windscreen wipers and showed promising results for rainfall measurement purposes. Their measurement accuracy has been quantified in laboratory experiments. Considering explicitly those errors, the main objective of this study is to investigate the benefit of using RCs for estimating areal rainfall. For that, computer experiments are carried out, where radar rainfall is considered as the reference and the other sources of data, i.e., RCs and rain gauges, are extracted from radar data. Comparing the quality of areal rainfall estimation by RCs with rain gauges and reference data helps to investigate the benefit of the RCs. The value of this additional source of data is not only assessed for areal rainfall estimation performance but also for use in hydrological modeling. Considering measurement errors derived from laboratory experiments, the result shows that the RCs provide useful additional information for areal rainfall estimation as well as for hydrological modeling. Moreover, by testing larger uncertainties for RCs, they observed to be useful up to a certain level for areal rainfall estimation and discharge simulation.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationAssessing cycling skills in Switzerland(11/2022) van Eggermond, Michael; Schaffner, Dorothea; Studer, NoraFor many people, safety concerns are a major barrier to ride a bicycle. Indeed, cyclists bear a higher risk than most other types of road users. Improving cycling infrastructure is the most obvious and effective way to increase cycling safety. This paper sets out to identify skills required by cyclists to navigate safely through an urban environment in Switzerland. We set out to identify situations that might result in accidents and require specific competences. This research has shown that there is potential to further develop cyclists’ skills. Rather than focusing on motoric skills or presenting simple situations, we advise that skills should be trained based on more complex situations. These situations include turning, branching, maintaining distance from parked cars and recognising right of way in residential areas.04B - Beitrag Konferenzschrift
- PublikationContinuously-fed gravity currents propagating over a finite porous substrate(American Institute of Physics, 31.12.2019) Venuleo, Sara; Pokrajac, Dubravka; Schleiss, Anton J.; Franca, Mário J. [in: Physics of Fluids]We present the results of laboratory investigations of continuously-fed density currents that propagate first over a smooth horizontal bed and then over a porous substrate of limited length. Inflow discharge, initial excess density, and substrate porosities are varied. Density measurements, acquired through an image analysis technique, are performed above the porous layer simultaneously with quasi-instantaneous vertical velocity profiles. After a first phase in which the current sinks into the substrate, freshwater entrainment from the bed begins and, gradually, a mixing layer forms at the interface between the surface flow and the porous bed. Shear-driven and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities rule the dynamics of this mixing layer. The porous boundary effects are observed in the vertical distributions of both density and velocity, especially in the near-bed region. Here, larger flow velocities are recorded over porous substrates. We argue that these are due to the presence of a longitudinal pressure gradient, which in turn is a consequence of the current mass loss. Its presence over the porous substrate is proved by the current interface longitudinal slope. However, other effects of the presence of the porous substrate, such as the relaxation of the no-slip boundary condition and the bed-normal momentum exchange, also affect the velocity field. The turbulent structure changes significantly over the porous substrate: while streamwise turbulence decreases, shear and bed-normal Reynolds stresses increase in large part of the current depth. Buoyancy instabilities further enhance the bed-normal momentum flux and, in the near-bed region, contribute to turbulent kinetic energy generation together with shear.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationDepth-averaged momentum equation for gravity currents with varying density. Coefficient in pressure term(Taylor & Francis, 31.07.2017) Pokrajac, Dubravka; Venuleo, Sara; Franca, Mário J. [in: ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering]Gravity currents are often modelled by means of shallow water equations (SWEs). In these models, simplifications such as the consideration of a constant layer-averaged density are common. This note presents the complete and general derivation of a 2D depth-averaged momentum equation for gravity currents with density and velocity varying in the bed-normal direction. Special attention is given to the pressure term which is evaluated for constant, linear and exponential density profile. The shape of the density profile has implications for the momentum balance: the assumption of constant density leads to an overestimation of the driving force due to pressure gradient by a factor of 33% for linear density profile and up to 50% for an exponential profile. It also leads to an overestimation of celerity in numerical models based on traditional SWEs by factor of 22% and around 40% for linear end exponential density profiles respectively.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationEvaluation and acceptance of an online cycling training for adults to master complex traffic situations(16.11.2023) van Eggermond, Michael; Studer, Nora; Johnson, Lucy; Knecht, Leah; Schaffner, Dorothea06 - Präsentation
- PublikationEvent-based flood estimation using a random forest algorithm for the regionalization in small catchments(Eigenverlag des Instituts für Wasser- und Umweltsystemmodellierung, 07/2022) Pavía Santolamazza, DanielaThe hydrological cycle is a complex system, composed of multiple variables, which in most cases are not measured. This is one of the reasons why it is a challenge to have models that adequately represent the expected discharges. The PUB initiative reinforces the need on having models that capture the different catchment interactions and represent various catchment processes. These models are more robust and thus can be more reliable to transfer to the ungauged catchments. In recent years, the field of hydrological research has focused on understanding and explaining the different processes present in catchments. Nevertheless, few applications that include pre- cipitation, the main responsible of runoff change,are found.Further understanding of the temporal and spatial dependence of the meteorological event triggering the floods is needed. In this study, an analysis of the meteorological event triggering the floods was carried out. The concept of entropy was used to characterize the temporal distribution of precipitation. It was found that the precipitation temporal entropy is a better indicator of hydrograph shape than the duration or the intensity. Further, the geographical interdependence of the amount of precipitation and the temporal precipitation entropy causing the floods was described looking at the association of sta- tions triples. This suggested that, up until a given quantile, flood events are more likely caused by precipitation events of total coverage. However, for larger quantile values, it is observed that as the quantile increases the probability of observing joint occurrence in space decreases. The tem- poral distribution of precipitation events causing the floods showed to be more associated in space than the amount of precipitation triggering the floods. Nonetheless, this temporal distribu- tion is not constant over all flood events, what can be attributed to d ifferent flood mechanisms. The Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) was used to explain the soil moisture content. The em- pirical distribution of (API) at the time of a flood was compared with empirical distributions of unconditioned (API) data series. T o this end, the Wilcoxon statistic and the Kolmogorov -Smirnov distance were used to compare the empirical distributions. The re sults showed that the soil mois- ture triggering the floods is not an annual extreme, rather a value close to the monthly maximum (API). Further, it was observed that the longer memory of the catchment gives more information about the occurrence of the flood. Additionally, in order to estimate the catchment reaction at the time of a flood, a regiona lization of the flood wave hydrographs was carried out. T o this end, three methods of defining the simi- larity of the floods were considered. In all three methods, the similarity matrices were generated using the random forest algorithm. The novelty of this procedure was the use of a supervised random forest to describe the similarity of the floods events. It was supervised given that the algorithm was trained to estimate a target variable. The proximity matrix was obtained by calcu- lating the joint occurrence of floods in the random forest space. For evaluating the estimation the hydrograph peak and the time to peak were used. In all three methods, the same tendencies were observed, an overestimation of the peak and an underestimation of the time to peak. However, the bias was observed to be smaller when an ensemble of similarity matrices was used as com- pared to having a single similarity matrix. Moreover, an approach using an unsupervised random forest was compared to the supervised one. It was found that the unsupervised random forest yields larger estimation errors. Finally, to estimate the volume of the flood event a rainfall-runoff model was modified to represent the study region. The model chosen in this study was EPIC. The model was calibrated to be more representative of the study region. To this end, the estimation errors in the space of the model parameters were studied. This allowed to find the model parameters that can better represent the study area. The values obtained were considered reasonable. For example, it is observed that the longer memory of the catchment is more representative of the study catchments, which are the same results as when analyzing the meteorological phenomenon causing the floods. Further, the values obtained for the regional constant, parameter modifying the initial abstraction of the catchment, were found to be smaller than the original ones obtained for United States catchments, which agrees with other studies in European catchments.02 - Monographie
- PublikationExperimental Investigation of Sliding on Compact Sliding Specimens under Cyclic Loads(08/2014) Trost, Burkhart; Schuler, Harald; Stojadinovic, Bozidar [in: Second European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, August 2014]This experimental investigation addresses the sliding behaviour found to occur in reinforced concrete shear walls under earthquake loads. This investigation compromises a series of 13 compact specimens. The tests were conducted in a biaxial test setup. The test sequences were designed to mimic the load and displacement history of a portion of the squat wall under horizontal cyclic loading. The specimens were pre-cracked up to a defined crack width. Next, diagonal compression was applied. Through the variation of the reinforcement ratio, the initial crack width, the number of cycles and the amplitudes, the effects of aggregate interlock, dowel action and shear friction in the crack were quantified. In this paper we will present the observations and the results of the cyclic tests on the core specimen group and on the monotonically tested specimens.04 - Beitrag Sammelband oder Konferenzschrift
- PublikationFliessgewässer im Nordwestschweizer Jura in Zeiten der Trockenheit und des Klimawandels(Geographisch-Ethnologische Gesellschaft Basel, 2022) Lüscher, Peter; Weingartner, Rolf; Pavia Santolamazza, Daniela; Lebrenz, Henning [in: Regio Basiliensis]Trockenheit und Niedrigwasser sind aus hydrologischer Sicht der Gewässer eine der grössten Herausforderungen in der Schweiz. In diesem Beitrag werden die Niedrigwasserverhältnisse im Nordwestschweizer Jura untersucht. Dabei steht die Frage der heutigen und zukünftigen Trockenheitsanfälligkeit im Mittelpunkt. Die Resultate belegen, dass signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Ketten- und Tafeljura bestehen, wobei die Fliessgewässer im Tafeljura insgesamt trockenheitsanfälliger sind. Gelingt es nicht, die Treibhausgasemissionen wirkungsvoll zu begrenzen, wird die Trockenheitsanfälligkeit gemäss dem Szenario ohne Massnahmen (RCP 8.5) bis Ende des Jahrhunderts deutlich zunehmen.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationGeostatistical merging of rain gauge and radar data for high temporal resolutions and various station density scenarios(Elsevier, 26.10.2013) Berndt, Christian; Rabiei, Ehsan; Haberlandt, Uwe [in: Journal of Hydrology]This study investigates the performance of merging radar and rain gauge data for different high temporal resolutions and rain gauge network densities. Three different geostatistical interpolation techniques: Kriging with external drift, indicator kriging with external drift and conditional merging were compared and evaluated by cross validation. Ordinary kriging was considered as the reference method without using radar data. The study area is located in Lower Saxony, Germany, and covers the measuring range of the radar station Hanover. The data used in this study comprise continuous time series from 90 rain gauges and the weather radar that is located near Hanover over the period from 2008 until 2010. Seven different temporal resolutions from 10 min to 6 h and five different rain gauge network density scenarios were investigated regarding the interpolation performance of each method. Additionally, the influence of several temporal and spatial smoothing-techniques on radar data was evaluated and the effect of radar data quality on the interpolation performance was analyzed for each method. It was observed that smoothing of the gridded radar data improves the performance in merging rain gauge and radar data significantly. Conditional merging outperformed kriging with an external drift and indicator kriging with an external drift for all combinations of station density and temporal resolution, whereas kriging with an external drift performed similarly well for low station densities and rather coarse temporal resolutions. The results of indicator kriging with an external drift almost reached those of conditional merging for very high temporal resolutions. Kriging with an external drift appeared to be more sensitive in regard to radar data quality than the other two methods. Even for 10 min temporal resolutions, conditional merging performed better than ordinary kriging without radar information. This illustrates the benefit of merging rain gauge and radar data even for very high temporal resolutions.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationHow relevant is the aggregation bias with regards to mode choice in aggregated transport demand models?(12.05.2023) Erath, Alexander; Cachaco, Fabio06 - Präsentation
- PublikationIntroducing the pedestrian accessibility tool. Walkability analysis for a geographic information system(SAGE, 2017) Erath, Alexander; van Eggermond, Michael; Ordóñez, Sergio A.; Axhausen, Kay W. [in: Transportation Research Record]The indexes for walkability proposed so far refer generally to the closest amenities and public transport stops and the existing network structure. The weights of the attributes do not reflect the independently measured preferences of the users and residents. Design attributes such as the location and type of crossings and walkway design features are usually surveyed in walkability audits. However, such attributes are usually not considered when pedestrian walksheds or other accessibility-based walkability indexes are calculated. Nevertheless, these design attributes are very relevant for actual planning decisions. The proposed walkability index can be behaviorally calibrated, has been implemented as a geographic information system tool, and is published as open source software. The pedestrian accessibility tool allows the evaluation of existing and future urban plans with regards to walkability. The tool calculates Hansen-based accessibility indicators with the use of a customizable specification of the generalized walking costs, and it incorporates user-defined weights of destination attractiveness. The basic user workflow of the tool is summarized. Three case studies show real-world applications of the tool to support the planning of pedestrian infrastructure in an urban context. With indications of potential areas of improvement that have been reported by pilot users working in an urban planning department, hints are also given for future research.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationInvestigating river-restoration-effects on riverbed-stability by physical modelling(17.04.2024) Unrau, Silas; Venuleo, Sara; Derungs, Guido; Lebrenz, HenningThis study shows how experimental results provide fundamental insights in the challenge of river revitalisation, and thus represent a powerful tool to guide engineers’ actions. Results concerns a study case, namely the “Wiese Vital” project, a restoration project in Basel area (Switzerland), with the objectives of safeguarding Basel's drinking water supply while revitalizing its watercourse and providing flood protection. The planned revitalisation measures involve the reconstruction of the Wiese riverbed, the introduction of structures to improve its morphological variability and the replenishment of fine sediment to improve the spawning habitat of native fishes. The new Wiese riverbed will consist of a coarser sediment layer, about 1.2 meters deep, overlaying a layer of finer sediments, meant to protect the underlaying aquifer from undesirable water infiltrations and thus to ensure Basel's drinking water supply safety. The stability of the coarser layer was investigated using a physical model in scale 1 to 20, built in the hydraulic hall of the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland. Experiments investigated the stability of the coarse protective layer in presence and in absences of revitalization measures: with and without “ecological” structures and before and after the addition of fine sediments. Results revealed that wrong placement of “ecological” structures can cause local erosion and threaten the stability of the riverbed. Moreover, they provided useful insights on the response of a coarser riverbed to the input of fine sediments.06 - Präsentation
- PublikationMachbarkeit von smarten Drainagen in bindigen Böden(Springer, 12/2022) Venuleo, Sara; Lebrenz, Henning; Staufer, Philipp [in: Wasser und Abfall]Smarte Drainagen, die temporär Wasser zurückhalten, können eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel sein. Sie reduzieren u. a. die Spitzen von Hochwasser und können bei ausbleibenden Niederschlägen zur Linderung der Trockenheit beitragen. Mithilfe von physikalischen Modellversuchen wurden Grenzen und aber auch die grundsätzliche Machbarkeit für Geländesituationen aufgezeigt, die in der Nordwestschweiz und Südbaden typisch sind.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
- PublikationMeasurements and observations in the XXI century (MOXXI). Innovation and multi-disciplinarity to sense the hydrological cycle(Taylor & Francis, 18.01.2018) Tauro, Flavia; Selker, John; Giesen, Nick van de; Abrate, Tommaso; Uijlenhoet, Remko; Porfiri, Maurizio; Manfreda, Salvatore; Caylor, Kelly; Moramarco, Tommaso; Benveniste, Jerome; Ciraolo, Giuseppe; Estes, Lyndon; Domeneghetti, Alessio; Perks, Matthew T.; Corbari, Chiara; Rabiei, Ehsan; Ravazzani, Giovanni; Bogena, Heye; Harfouche, Antoine; Brocca, Luca; Maltese, Antonino; Wickert, Andy; Tarpanelli, Angelica; Good, Stephen; Lopez Alcala, Jose Manuel; Petroselli, Andrea; Cudennec, Christophe; Blume, Theresa; Hut, Rolf; Grimaldi, Salvatore [in: Hydrological Sciences Journal]To promote the advancement of novel observation techniques that may lead to new sources of information to help better understand the hydrological cycle, the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) established the Measurements and Observations in the XXI century (MOXXI) Working Group in July 2013. The group comprises a growing community of tech-enthusiastic hydrologists that design and develop their own sensing systems, adopt a multi-disciplinary perspective in tackling complex observations, often use low-cost equipment intended for other applications to build innovative sensors, or perform opportunistic measurements. This paper states the objectives of the group and reviews major advances carried out by MOXXI members toward the advancement of hydrological sciences. Challenges and opportunities are outlined to provide strategic guidance for advancement of measurement, and thus discovery.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift
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