Institut für Marktangebote und Konsumentscheidungen
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Publikation Insights on the current state and future outlook of AI in health care: expert interview study(JMIR Publications, 2023) Hummelsberger, Pia; Koch, Timo K.; Rauh, Sabrina; Dorn, Julia; Lermer, Eva; Raue, Martina; Hudecek, Matthias; Schicho, Andreas; Colak, Errol; Ghassemi, Marzyeh; Gaube, SusanneBackground Artificial intelligence (AI) is often promoted as a potential solution for many challenges health care systems face worldwide. However, its implementation in clinical practice lags behind its technological development. Objective This study aims to gain insights into the current state and prospects of AI technology from the stakeholders most directly involved in its adoption in the health care sector whose perspectives have received limited attention in research to date. Methods For this purpose, the perspectives of AI researchers and health care IT professionals in North America and Western Europe were collected and compared for profession-specific and regional differences. In this preregistered, mixed methods, cross-sectional study, 23 experts were interviewed using a semistructured guide. Data from the interviews were analyzed using deductive and inductive qualitative methods for the thematic analysis along with topic modeling to identify latent topics. Results Through our thematic analysis, four major categories emerged: (1) the current state of AI systems in health care, (2) the criteria and requirements for implementing AI systems in health care, (3) the challenges in implementing AI systems in health care, and (4) the prospects of the technology. Experts discussed the capabilities and limitations of current AI systems in health care in addition to their prevalence and regional differences. Several criteria and requirements deemed necessary for the successful implementation of AI systems were identified, including the technology’s performance and security, smooth system integration and human-AI interaction, costs, stakeholder involvement, and employee training. However, regulatory, logistical, and technical issues were identified as the most critical barriers to an effective technology implementation process. In the future, our experts predicted both various threats and many opportunities related to AI technology in the health care sector. Conclusions Our work provides new insights into the current state, criteria, challenges, and outlook for implementing AI technology in health care from the perspective of AI researchers and IT professionals in North America and Western Europe. For the full potential of AI-enabled technologies to be exploited and for them to contribute to solving current health care challenges, critical implementation criteria must be met, and all groups involved in the process must work together.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Non-task expert physicians benefit from correct explainable AI advice when reviewing X-rays(Nature, 2023) Gaube, Susanne; Suresh, Harini; Raue, Martina; Lermer, Eva; Koch, Timo K.; Hudecek, Matthias; Ackery, Alun D.; Grover, Samir C.; Coughlin, Joseph F.; Frey, Dieter; Kitamura, Felipe C.; Ghassemi, Marzyeh; Colak, ErrolArtificial intelligence (AI)-generated clinical advice is becoming more prevalent in healthcare. However, the impact of AI-generated advice on physicians’ decision-making is underexplored. In this study, physicians received X-rays with correct diagnostic advice and were asked to make a diagnosis, rate the advice’s quality, and judge their own confidence. We manipulated whether the advice came with or without a visual annotation on the X-rays, and whether it was labeled as coming from an AI or a human radiologist. Overall, receiving annotated advice from an AI resulted in the highest diagnostic accuracy. Physicians rated the quality of AI advice higher than human advice. We did not find a strong effect of either manipulation on participants’ confidence. The magnitude of the effects varied between task experts and non-task experts, with the latter benefiting considerably from correct explainable AI advice. These findings raise important considerations for the deployment of diagnostic advice in healthcare.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in food: Which behaviour change strategies increase consumers’ risk awareness and preventive food-handling behaviour?(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Freivogel, Claudia; Visschers, VivianneObjectives We aimed to identify the potential of behaviour change strategies to effectively increase consumers? risk awareness, behavioural intention, and preventive food-handling behaviour to reduce the transmission risk of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through food. The applied strategies targeted knowledge and determinants of the health action process approach (HAPA). We tested techniques that are expected to increase knowledge, risk perception, and positive outcome expectancy (Study 1) as well as those that increase planning and coping self-efficacy (Study 2) in two randomised control trials.Methods In Study 1 (N?=?328), a 2x2 between-subject design was employed to investigate the effects of an educational video about the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and a personalised risk message on knowledge, risk perception, outcome expectancy and consequently on intention regarding safe food-handling behaviour. In Study 2 (N=129), we used a 2x2 design to examine to what extent goal setting (implemented vs. not implemented) and time (pre- vs. post-test) affected planning, coping self-efficacy, and preventive food-handling behaviour.Results In Study 1, we found that the video increased knowledge and the perceived susceptibility of risk compared to the control video. We found no increase on the dependent variables after receiving the personalised risk message. In Study 2, goal setting significantly improved safe food-handling behaviour compared to the control condition. Moreover, participants in the goal-setting condition showed more planning of safe food-handling measures and of dealing with emerging barriers than participants in the control condition.Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the delivery of an educational video on the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a useful strategy to increase risk awareness, whereas goal setting presents a promising approach to improve food-handling behaviour. Following the HAPA, an additional effective behaviour change technique is required that decreases negative outcome expectancies and improves coping self-efficacy, thereby further improving intention and behaviour.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Schlussbericht des Projekts «Intervention zur Risikoreduktion der multiplen antimikrobiell resistenten Übertragungswege» - Ein Forschungsprojekt im Rahmen des NFP 72 «Antimikrobielle Resistenzen»(Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie FHNW, 04/2021) Visschers, Vivianne; Freivogel, Claudia; Lehmann, Sarah Heather; Lechner, IsabelKonsumentinnen und Konsumenten sind über den Kontakt mit Tieren antimikrobiell resistenten Bakterien ausgesetzt (z. B. über den Lebensmittelkonsum und die Pflege von Haustieren). Es ist bisher unzureichend klar, welche Übertragungswege für Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten gefährlich sind und wie deren Umgang mit diesen Übertragungswegen verbessert werden kann. Es werden erprobte Interventionsstrategien benötigt, welche die Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten zu einem sicheren Umgang mit Tieren und Lebensmitteln, hinsichtlich der Übertragung resistenter Bakterien, bewegen. Der vorliegende Bericht ist das Ergebnis eines dreijährigen Forschungsprojekts. In welchem Interventionsstrategien entwickelt und getestet wurden, die Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten für einen sicheren Umgang mit Tieren und Lebensmitteln sensibilisieren und sie motivieren diese umzusetzen. Hierzu wurde aufgrund von Expertenmeinungen zunächst eine Risikokarte der Übertragungswege resistenter Bakterien in der Schweizer Lebensmittelkette und durch den Kontakt mit Haus- und Nutztieren erstellt. Anschliessend erhoben wir in Interviews, wie Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten, Tierärztinnen und -ärzte und Landwirtinnen und -wirte die jeweiligen Risiken wahrnehmen. Auf diese Weise wurden mögliche Anhaltspunkte für eine Intervention bei Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten identifiziert. Letztlich untersuchten wir, inwiefern verschiedene Interventionsstrategien Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten in ihrem Umgang hinsichtlich Lebensmittel beeinflussen. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Intervention, welche massgeschneiderte Strategien für den sicheren Umgang mit Lebensmitteln bietet, gleich gut funktioniert als eine allgemeine Intervention, die für alle Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten gleich ist. Dennoch ist eine massgeschneiderte Intervention imstande die Bereitschaft und Selbstwirksamkeit für den sicheren Umgang mit Lebensmitteln bei niedrig motivierten Personen zu verbessern. Die Erkenntnisse dieses Forschungsprojekts liefern eine Grundlage, um die Übertragungsrisiken resistenter Bakterien zwischen Tieren und Menschen zu bewerten. Darüber hinaus zeigen sie Entscheidungsträgern Interventionsstrategien (z. B. Erklärvideo, Zielsetzung), die wirksam und praktisch umsetzbar sind.05 - Forschungs- oder Arbeitsbericht