Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie FHNW
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Publikation Distraction and the Use of Modern Communication Devices in the Train Driver's Cab(26.09.2022) Stoller, Nicole; Brüngger, Jonas; Wahrstätter, Stefan; Dittrich, Melisa; Nisoli, Giulio; Hostettler, Karin; Fischer, KatrinSwiss railway companies provide their train drivers with modern communication devices such as cell phones and tablets. The use of these devices is necessary for train drivers to perform their tasks. However, the use of these devices can distract the drivers to an extent not to be underestimated. Increasing irregularities and unsafe actions, including signals passed at danger, can be attributed at least to a certain extent to the distraction of train drivers by these mobile and other digital devices in the driver’s cab. The final goal of this study was to identify appropriate measures to reduce distraction or its consequences without restricting the scope of action of the train drivers or hindering them in the performance of their primary tasks (i. e., safe train driving). We investigated which digital devices and which of their functions in the driver’s cab lead to distraction in what situations. For this purpose, we conducted 14 qualitative observations in the driver’s cab and six interviews with rail experts. Based on the results, we suggested how to address distraction in the driver’s cab from a work psychology and design perspective. To achieve a holistic approach, we developed measures that address the individual driver as well as the design of technology and the organizational processes. The development and validation of appropriate measures was realized in close collaboration with experts of several railway companies. The outcome is a set of 26 preventive and protective measures. Preventive measures aim to avoid distraction, e.g., by restricting irrelevant information from entering the driver’s cab during the ride. Protective measures reduce the negative consequences of distraction, e.g., the feature of manual and temporary suppression of incoming messages. By carefully selecting and implementing these measures, the railway companies can ultimately support their train drivers to use modern communication devices in the driver’s cab safely and sensibly.06 - PräsentationPublikation Integrating Safety-II into Safety Management(vdf Hochschulverlag, 2021) Wäfler, Toni; Gugerli, Rahel; Nisoli, Giulio02 - MonographiePublikation Developing trainings to improve cognitive skills of technical operators in the railway domain(04.12.2020) Wahrstätter, Stefan; Brüngger, Jonas; Stoller, Nicole; Hostettler, Karin; Nisoli, Giulio; Fischer, KatrinTechnical operators in the railway domain are experts responsible for the supervisory control of the traction power network as well as of the railway tunnels. The technical systems used to face these demanding tasks are constantly increasing in their complexity. To carry out this complex activity, it is essential that they have the necessary expertise, not only to master the execution of their own activity under normal conditions, but also to be able to react appropriately to unexpected events. To achieve this, the technical operators must be trained beyond the basic training in which they are educated in terms of technical knowledge and working with guidelines. Trainings to improve the cognitive skills required by technical operators are still lacking in Switzerland. Our team of the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland together with a Swiss railway company, in a joint research project, developed trainings to improve the relevant cognitive skills of technical operator in the railway domain. In a first step, we conducted observational interviews to analyze the tasks of technical operators. In a second step, we applied a "Cognitive Task Analysis" (CTA) to identify the cognitive skills that the operators need to perform their tasks. In a third step, we grouped these cognitive skills in order to identify training topics for which the trainings should be developed. The resulting most relevant training topics are: (1) establishing mental models, (2) communication, (3) teamwork, (4) practical rehearsal. For each of these training topics, we defined specific goals that should be achieved by technical operators through the participation to the trainings. All defined goals related to three main categories: knowledge, skills and attitude. Only by considering all three categories, it can be ensured that achieving the goals leads to the theoretical understanding of the desired behavior, the ability and the willingness to really implement it in the work setting. Based on the goals defined for each of the identified training topic, we could finally develop trainings able to improve the relevant cognitive skills of technical operator. For each training topic, we developed two types of trainings: off-the-job trainings and on-the-job trainings. Off-the-job trainings are conceived to be carry out outside of working hours. These include presentations of theoretical content of the training, practical exercises with which the relevant skills can be acquired, and group discussions to support the transfer into the daily work routine. The on-the-job trainings consist of exercises that the technical operators can carry out during their working hours, independently or in consultation with instructors. All taken together, the participation to these trainings allows technical operators to achieve the defined goals, making sure that the relevant cognitive skills of their job are effectively trained.06 - PräsentationPublikation Use of modern communication devices in the train driver's cab – risks and design options(02.12.2020) Stoller, Nicole; Nisoli, Giulio; Brüngger, Jonas; Wahrstätter, Stefan; Dittrich, Melisa; Hostettler, Karin; Fischer, KatrinMost Swiss railway companies equip their train drivers with modern digital communication devices such as cell phones and tablets. The use of these devices is necessary for train drivers to perform their tasks but has a potential for distraction that should not be underestimated. Increasing irregularities and unsafe actions, including the signals passed at danger, can be attributed at least to a certain extent to the distraction of the train driver by these mobile and other digital devices in the driver's cab. In a research project conducted by the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland together with a Swiss railway company, we investigated which of these digital devices and functions lead to distraction in which situations. Based on this investigation, we analyzed how this problem should be addressed from a work psychology and design perspective. The final goal was to identify appropriate measures to reduce distraction or its consequences without restricting the scope of action of the train drivers or hindering them in the performance of their primary tasks (i.e. safe train driving). In a qualitative approach, we conducted observations of train driving in the driver’s cab and interviews with train drivers and experts. Based on the data obtained and on to the current literature, we conceived the first measures. In order to achieve a comprehensive approach, we developed measures that address the individual train driver as well as measures to improve the design of technology and organizational measures. In a further step, in workshops with other railway professional groups, we discussed and completed these measures in terms of their effectiveness and practicability. The result was a set of 26 preventive and protective measures. Preventive measures have the goal of avoiding distraction, whereas protective measures are conceived to reduce the negative consequences of distraction. While a preventive measure is for e.g. the introduction of attention trainings where train drivers learn to avoid certain distractions, a protective measure is for e.g. the feature of manual and temporary suppression of incoming messages which lead the driver to be distracted by messages but for a shorter duration. By carefully selecting and implementing these measures, the railway company can ultimately support its train drivers in the safe and sensible use of modern communication devices in the driver's cab.06 - PräsentationPublikation Entwicklung von Trainings kognitiver Fähigkeiten für technische Operateure im Bahnbetrieb(GfA Press, 2020) Nisoli, Giulio; Brüngger, Jonas; Hostettler, Karin; Stoller, Nicole; Fischer, KatrinTechnische Operateure im Bahnbetrieb sind Experten, die für die Überwachung und Steuerung des Bahnstromnetzes und der Bahntunnel verantwortlich sind. Trainingsmethoden zur Verbesserung der von technischen Operateuren benötigten kognitiven Fähigkeiten fehlen in der Schweiz bislang. In einem Forschungsprojekt der Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie der Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz wurde zusammen mit einem Schweizer Bahnunternehmen mit einer sog. Cognitive Task Analysis untersucht, welche kognitiven Fähigkeiten die Operateure benötigen. Basierend auf den Untersuchungsergebnissen wurden Trainigsmethoden entwickelt, um die identifizierten relevanten kognitiven Fähigkeiten zu trainieren.04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation Nutzung mobiler digitaler Kommunikationsmittel im Führerstand – Risiken, Nebenwirkungen und Gestaltungsoptionen(GfA Press, 03/2020) Fischer, Katrin; Hostettler, Karin; Nisoli, Giulio; Brüngger, Jonas; Dittrich, Melisa; Stoller, Nicole04B - Beitrag KonferenzschriftPublikation 06 - PräsentationPublikation Identification of Training Topics for the Improvement of the Relevant Cognitive Skills of Technical Operators in the Railway Domain(2019) Nisoli, GiulioTechnical operators in the railway domain are experts responsible for the supervisory control of the railway power grid as well as of the railway tunnels. The technical systems used to master these demanding tasks are constantly increasing in their degree of automation. It becomes therefore difficult for technical operators to maintain the control over the technical systems and the processes of their job. In particular, the operators must have the necessary experience and knowledge in dealing with a malfunction situation or unexpected event. For this reason, it is of growing importance that the skills relevant for the execution of the job are maintained and further developed beyond the basic training they receive, where they are educated in respect of technical knowledge and the work with guidelines. Training methods aimed at improving the cognitive skills needed by technical operators are still missing and must be developed. Goals of the present study were to identify which are the relevant cognitive skills of technical operators in the railway domain and to define which topics should be addressed by the training of these skills. Observational interviews were conducted in order to identify the main tasks and the organization of the work of technical operators as well as the technical systems used for the execution of their job. Based on this analysis, the most demanding tasks of technical operators could be identified and described. The cognitive skills involved in the execution of these tasks are those, which need to be trained. In order to identify and analyze these cognitive skills a cognitive task analysis (CTA) was developed. CTA specifically aims at identifying the cognitive skills that employees implement when performing their own tasks. The identified cognitive skills of technical operators were summarized and grouped in training topics. For every training topic, specific goals were defined. The goals regard the three main categories; knowledge, skills and attitude to be trained in every training topic. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to develop specific training methods to train the relevant cognitive skills of the technical operators.01A - Beitrag in wissenschaftlicher ZeitschriftPublikation Identification of Training Topics for the Improvement of the Relevant Cognitive Skills of Technical Operators in the Railway Domain(12.12.2019) Nisoli, GiulioTechnische Operateure im Bahnbetrieb sind Experten, die für die Überwachung des Bahnstromnetzes und der Bahntunnel verantwortlich sind. Für die Ausführung dieser komplexen Tätigkeit ist es zentral, dass sie über die notwendige Expertise verfügen, nicht nur, um die Ausführung der eigenen Tätigkeit unter normalen Bedingungen zu beherrschen, sondern auch, um angemessen auf unerwartete Ereignisse reagieren zu können. Dafür müssen die technischen Operateure über die Grundausbildung, während der sie in Bezug auf technisches Wissen und die Arbeit mit Richtlinien geschult werden, hinaus weitergebildet werden. Trainingsmethoden zur Verbesserung der von technischen Operateuren benötigten kognitiven Fähigkeiten fehlen in der Schweiz bislang. In einem Forschungsprojekt wurde zusammen mit einem Schweizer Bahnunternehmen untersucht, welche kognitiven Fähigkeiten die Operateure für die Ausführung ihrer Arbeit im Normal- und im Störungsfall benötigen und wie diese erworben und trainiert werden können. Um die Aufgaben der technischen Operateure zu beschreiben, wurden Beobachtungsinterviews durchgeführt. Weiter wurde eine «Cognitive Task Analysis» realisiert, die darauf abzielte, diejenigen kognitiven Fähigkeiten zu identifizieren, die die Operateure für die Erfüllung ihrer Aufgaben benötigen. Diese Fähigkeiten wurden nach Trainingsthemen (z.B. Kommunikation, Aufbau mentaler Modelle, Teamwork) gruppiert. Zusätzlich wurden für jedes Trainingsthema spezifische Ziele für die Bereiche Wissen (z.B. die technischen Operateure sollen wissen, welche Aspekte berücksichtigt werden müssen, um gut zu kommunizieren), Fertigkeiten (z.B. die technischen Operateure sollen tatsächlich gut kommunizieren können) und Haltung (z.B. die technischen Operateure sollen überzeugt sein, dass eine gute Kommunikation wichtig ist) definiert. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Studie können konkrete Trainingsmethoden entwickelt werden, um diese Ziele zu erreichen und so die relevanten kognitiven Fähigkeiten der technischen Operateure angemessen zu trainieren.06 - Präsentation
